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Psychoptahology > Task 1 > Flashcards

Task 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the defintion of a neurodevlopemntal disorder ?

A
  • impairment in the growth & development of the brain/ CNS
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2
Q

Why do people with ADHD have troulbe with learning ?

A
  • learning is due to socialization

- Tis requires attention and control of impulses which is not present in ADHD

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3
Q

What are the DSM 5 criterias for ADHD ?

A

A. longer then 6 months pattern of inaatention or hyperactivity which interferce with functionining
B. Symptoms prior then 12 years
C. Symptoms present in two or more stettings
D. reduce quality of social-academic
E. Not better explained by other disorder
F. Are not better explained by any substance

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4
Q

What is meant by partial remission regarding ADHD?

A
  • Enough symptoms have benn present in the last 6 months to diagnose ADHD but currently there are less then those symptoms present which are need to diagnose a patient
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5
Q

What are the 3 types of ADHD ?

A
  • Combined presentation
  • Predominantly inattentive presentation
  • Predominantly hyperactivepresentation
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6
Q

What is meant by combined presentation ?

A
  • A1 and A2 is present

- Inattention and hyperactivity

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7
Q

What is meant by predominately inattentive presentation ?

A
  • just inattentive is present (daydreaming)

- more in girls

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8
Q

What is meant by predominately hyperactivity presentation ?

A
  • just hyperactivity is present (more common in boys)
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9
Q

Why is the DSM 5 no sufficient enough for ADHD ?

A
  • cause it is can not sufficiently differentiate between 3 types of ADHD
  • extra item is needed
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10
Q

How prevalance is ADHD in kids and parents ?

A
  • 5% in kids

- 2,5% in parents

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11
Q

What is the epidemiology regarding ADHD ?

A
  • mostly ADHD will be diagnosed on elemetary school
  • boys more likly
  • Innatentive ADHD is more difficult to diagnose
  • poor in relationships
  • 20-25% have also a learning disorder
  • cronic
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12
Q

What are the comorbiditys disorders of ADHD ?

A
  • Antisocial behaviour disorder (45%)
  • > mostly for combined presntation
  • anxiety disorders, marital
  • substance abuse
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13
Q

How does ADHD effect ur life ?

A
  • Most often people have to change there jobs
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14
Q

What are the biological cuases od ADHD ?

A
  • PF is smaller so less control over action also less connection
  • Straitum is underdevloped whic is correlated to WM and planing
  • Cerebellum = motor behviours underdevloped
  • Gentic vulnerability
  • dopamine norepinephrine function abnormally
  • immaturity hypothesis
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15
Q

What additionaly to biological factors an cause ADHD ?

A
  • drinking and smoking during pregnancy
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16
Q

Explain the immaturity hypothesis ?

A
  • Childreen with ADHD are neurologically immature
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17
Q

Why does ADHD sometimes dissapear ?

A
  • cause as life goes on PFC devlopes and might be back on track
18
Q

How does berkely explain ADHD ? (executive function)

A
  • Children with ADHD exhibit significant impairments in WM & less response inhibition
  • Visuospatial WM is the most important one
  • it is about impaired EF and regulatory systems
19
Q

How do u teach ADHD childreen to be on the same lvl as normal childreen ?

A
  • Abnormal sensitivity to reinforcement
  • need immediat reinforcment to learn !
  • if not there will only be low lvl of effort
  • powerful & frequent reinforcer
20
Q

What is meant by the delay aversion hypothesis ?

A
  • behaviours are due to an underlying motivational style rather than the dysfunction of EF and regulatory systems
  • agianst berkeley theory
  • ADHD allways will choose the immediate outcome
21
Q

How does the dual pathway model explain adhd ?

A
  • Combines: deficit in regulation system and lack of motivational style
  • both are independent and co existing
    1. Pathway is the Dysregulation of Thought & Action Pathway
    2. Motivational Style Pathway
22
Q

How are people with ADHD tested ?

A
  • via the standard stop signal task

- choice delay task

23
Q

What did the standard stop signal task figure out and what did it test ?

A
  • Tested for: Disfunction of regulation system (inhibitions)

- ADHD people repsond to stop signals slower then in comparison no ADHD people -> ask someone if that is correct

24
Q

What did choice dealy task figure out and what did it test ?

A
  • shows that immediate reward is cpable of learnig skills …. ask someone
25
Q

What does heterogenity mean ?

A
  • Two different ADHD patient can have completly different symptoms
26
Q

Name some facts about the dysregulation of thought and action pathway:

A
  • pre-frontal regions and their connections to the basal ganglia and striatum is messed up which leads to less self regulation
  • additionally: symptoms reduce the amount of time spent on the task which in turn worsens cognitive regulation
  • not that closely related to genes and context independent
27
Q

Name some facts about the motivational style pathway:

A
  • reward circuits are messed up -> ventral-striatal network (meso limbic dopamine system)
  • cultural values and norms influence it (parents unforgiving)
  • > both lead to delay demands and they lead to smptoms
  • acontext dependent
  • closely related with genetics
28
Q

How does the tripple pathway model explain ADHD ?

A
  • Deficits in different neurobiological pathways lead to disorder
    1. Dorsal fronto-striatal loop
    1. Ventral fronto-striatal loop
    1. frontocerebellar loop
  • You are mostyl only afftced by a deficit in one loop 80%
  • 27% are not affected by any of them
29
Q

What is the function of the dorsal fronto-striatal loop ?

A
  • inhibition and deficit in regulation system
30
Q

What is the function of the Ventral fronto-striatal loop ?

A
  • delay aversion/ reward processing motivational style
31
Q

What is the function of the frontocerebellar loop ?

A
  • Temporal processing deficit (how fast u process)
  • got added becuase many people were not affected by inhabition or delay aversion
  • it is connected to general WM
32
Q

How do we treat ADHD with stimulant drugs ? Also name pro and cons

A
  • Ritalin, Dexedrine, and Adderall (increase lvl of DOPA
  • often mis prescribed
  • Pro: decrease disruptive behaviour also for goal directed behaviour better interactions
  • Con: increase tics, sleep lees and reduce growth and appetise
33
Q

How do other drugs treat ADHD ? Also name pro and cons:

A
  • norepinepherine / antidepresent(if depression is present)
  • Pro reduce tics and increase cognitive performance
  • Con: dry mouth fatigue
34
Q

How does behavioural thearpy treat ADHD ?

A
  • Main focus is the reward of wanted behaviours
  • Learn to anticipate consequences of behaviour
  • > very effective
35
Q

Why are medication not enough for the tretament of ADHD ? And what is the solution ?

A
  • Medictaion only has short term effect

- combination of both or just BT !!

36
Q

What other treatment methods are out there ?

A
  • Computerised WM Training
  • increases executive function
  • it tries to increase WM
  • Automatically and continuously adapts the difficulty level to the performance of the child
37
Q

What does the computerised training lead to ?

A
  • increase activity dorsolateral PFC and parietal association cortex
38
Q

Which ADHD group benefits most from Computerized task ?

A
  • inattentive and combined subgroup of ADHD
39
Q

Besides the classical computerised WM training is there another option ?

A
  • Computerized WM training with gaming elements
40
Q

Why does the computerized WM training with game elements work even better the classical approach ?

A
  • it gives more direct reinforcment
  • also it uses multiple sensory system (colours sound and system)
  • Conclusion: more motivation , do better while training and more improvment after the training
41
Q

What is meant by the spil over effect?

A
  • the effects of WM training generalized to other areas and non-trained EF
42
Q

What is important to know about inhibition training ?

A
  • shows no improvemnt on non trained task
  • also it is harder to adjust the lvl cause not that many methods are currently known
  • needs less time for improvment them WM training

Psychoptahology (10 decks)

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