Task 1 Flashcards
What is the defintion of a neurodevlopemntal disorder ?
- impairment in the growth & development of the brain/ CNS
Why do people with ADHD have troulbe with learning ?
- learning is due to socialization
- Tis requires attention and control of impulses which is not present in ADHD
What are the DSM 5 criterias for ADHD ?
A. longer then 6 months pattern of inaatention or hyperactivity which interferce with functionining
B. Symptoms prior then 12 years
C. Symptoms present in two or more stettings
D. reduce quality of social-academic
E. Not better explained by other disorder
F. Are not better explained by any substance
What is meant by partial remission regarding ADHD?
- Enough symptoms have benn present in the last 6 months to diagnose ADHD but currently there are less then those symptoms present which are need to diagnose a patient
What are the 3 types of ADHD ?
- Combined presentation
- Predominantly inattentive presentation
- Predominantly hyperactivepresentation
What is meant by combined presentation ?
- A1 and A2 is present
- Inattention and hyperactivity
What is meant by predominately inattentive presentation ?
- just inattentive is present (daydreaming)
- more in girls
What is meant by predominately hyperactivity presentation ?
- just hyperactivity is present (more common in boys)
Why is the DSM 5 no sufficient enough for ADHD ?
- cause it is can not sufficiently differentiate between 3 types of ADHD
- extra item is needed
How prevalance is ADHD in kids and parents ?
- 5% in kids
- 2,5% in parents
What is the epidemiology regarding ADHD ?
- mostly ADHD will be diagnosed on elemetary school
- boys more likly
- Innatentive ADHD is more difficult to diagnose
- poor in relationships
- 20-25% have also a learning disorder
- cronic
What are the comorbiditys disorders of ADHD ?
- Antisocial behaviour disorder (45%)
- > mostly for combined presntation
- anxiety disorders, marital
- substance abuse
How does ADHD effect ur life ?
- Most often people have to change there jobs
What are the biological cuases od ADHD ?
- PF is smaller so less control over action also less connection
- Straitum is underdevloped whic is correlated to WM and planing
- Cerebellum = motor behviours underdevloped
- Gentic vulnerability
- dopamine norepinephrine function abnormally
- immaturity hypothesis
What additionaly to biological factors an cause ADHD ?
- drinking and smoking during pregnancy
Explain the immaturity hypothesis ?
- Childreen with ADHD are neurologically immature
Why does ADHD sometimes dissapear ?
- cause as life goes on PFC devlopes and might be back on track
How does berkely explain ADHD ? (executive function)
- Children with ADHD exhibit significant impairments in WM & less response inhibition
- Visuospatial WM is the most important one
- it is about impaired EF and regulatory systems
How do u teach ADHD childreen to be on the same lvl as normal childreen ?
- Abnormal sensitivity to reinforcement
- need immediat reinforcment to learn !
- if not there will only be low lvl of effort
- powerful & frequent reinforcer
What is meant by the delay aversion hypothesis ?
- behaviours are due to an underlying motivational style rather than the dysfunction of EF and regulatory systems
- agianst berkeley theory
- ADHD allways will choose the immediate outcome
How does the dual pathway model explain adhd ?
- Combines: deficit in regulation system and lack of motivational style
- both are independent and co existing
1. Pathway is the Dysregulation of Thought & Action Pathway
2. Motivational Style Pathway
How are people with ADHD tested ?
- via the standard stop signal task
- choice delay task
What did the standard stop signal task figure out and what did it test ?
- Tested for: Disfunction of regulation system (inhibitions)
- ADHD people repsond to stop signals slower then in comparison no ADHD people -> ask someone if that is correct
What did choice dealy task figure out and what did it test ?
- shows that immediate reward is cpable of learnig skills …. ask someone
What does heterogenity mean ?
- Two different ADHD patient can have completly different symptoms
Name some facts about the dysregulation of thought and action pathway:
- pre-frontal regions and their connections to the basal ganglia and striatum is messed up which leads to less self regulation
- additionally: symptoms reduce the amount of time spent on the task which in turn worsens cognitive regulation
- not that closely related to genes and context independent
Name some facts about the motivational style pathway:
- reward circuits are messed up -> ventral-striatal network (meso limbic dopamine system)
- cultural values and norms influence it (parents unforgiving)
- > both lead to delay demands and they lead to smptoms
- acontext dependent
- closely related with genetics
How does the tripple pathway model explain ADHD ?
- Deficits in different neurobiological pathways lead to disorder
- Dorsal fronto-striatal loop
- Ventral fronto-striatal loop
- frontocerebellar loop
- You are mostyl only afftced by a deficit in one loop 80%
- 27% are not affected by any of them
What is the function of the dorsal fronto-striatal loop ?
- inhibition and deficit in regulation system
What is the function of the Ventral fronto-striatal loop ?
- delay aversion/ reward processing motivational style
What is the function of the frontocerebellar loop ?
- Temporal processing deficit (how fast u process)
- got added becuase many people were not affected by inhabition or delay aversion
- it is connected to general WM
How do we treat ADHD with stimulant drugs ? Also name pro and cons
- Ritalin, Dexedrine, and Adderall (increase lvl of DOPA
- often mis prescribed
- Pro: decrease disruptive behaviour also for goal directed behaviour better interactions
- Con: increase tics, sleep lees and reduce growth and appetise
How do other drugs treat ADHD ? Also name pro and cons:
- norepinepherine / antidepresent(if depression is present)
- Pro reduce tics and increase cognitive performance
- Con: dry mouth fatigue
How does behavioural thearpy treat ADHD ?
- Main focus is the reward of wanted behaviours
- Learn to anticipate consequences of behaviour
- > very effective
Why are medication not enough for the tretament of ADHD ? And what is the solution ?
- Medictaion only has short term effect
- combination of both or just BT !!
What other treatment methods are out there ?
- Computerised WM Training
- increases executive function
- it tries to increase WM
- Automatically and continuously adapts the difficulty level to the performance of the child
What does the computerised training lead to ?
- increase activity dorsolateral PFC and parietal association cortex
Which ADHD group benefits most from Computerized task ?
- inattentive and combined subgroup of ADHD
Besides the classical computerised WM training is there another option ?
- Computerized WM training with gaming elements
Why does the computerized WM training with game elements work even better the classical approach ?
- it gives more direct reinforcment
- also it uses multiple sensory system (colours sound and system)
- Conclusion: more motivation , do better while training and more improvment after the training
What is meant by the spil over effect?
- the effects of WM training generalized to other areas and non-trained EF
What is important to know about inhibition training ?
- shows no improvemnt on non trained task
- also it is harder to adjust the lvl cause not that many methods are currently known
- needs less time for improvment them WM training
