Task 8

Question 1

What is the bowlby´s attachment theory?

Answer 1

Bowlby´s theory suggests that children are biologically predisposed to develop an attachment to caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival.

Question 2

What do caregivers provide children with ?

Answer 2

A snse of security, allowinh him or her to explore the encironment and become knowledgeable and competent. Also, toddler derives comfort security and pleasure form being near a caregiver.

Question 3

What is the innnate basis of the attachment proccess?

Answer 3

It is rooted inevolution and increases the chances of survival of an infant.

Question 4

What are the four phases that create initial develoment of attachment?

Answer 4

Preattachment
Attachment in the making
Clear cut attachment
Reciprocal relatinships

Question 5

Preattachment

innate signals

Answer 5

Birth to age of 6 weeks.

Infants produce innate signals in order to catch te attention of the caregiver.Soon, baby is able to fixate eyes opf caregivers and crying,smiling and grasping appear to be precursors of attachment.Ensuing interaction comforts infants.

Question 6

Attachment in the making

Form of expectation sense of trust and preference

Answer 6

ge 6 weeks to 6-8 months.

This phase is the time when infants form expectations about how caregiivers respond to their needs and do( or do not) develop a sense of trust in them. Infants develop preference for one or a few caregvers. In presence of primary caregiver they smile, laugh or babble. Also they are more easily calmed by that person.

Question 7

Clear cut attachment

Intense separation anxiety

Answer 7

Between 6-8 months and 1 and a half years.

Infants actively seek contact with regular caregivers. Separation Separation and loss at this phase can cause intense separation anxiety expressed in protest and anger, folllowed by distress and apathy and finally distrust in new attachment relationship. Most children see mother as a secure base.

Question 8

Two special traits of attachment during the clear cut attachment

Answer 8

Person permanence- Infant is able to remain aware of the existence of the perosn even if he/she is out of hearing or sight.

Egocentric infants: Infants are unaware that caregivers can have other plans that do not necessarily involve them.

Question 9

Reciprocal relatinships (what iis needed for the child to enter this phase)

Answer 9

From 1 and a half years or 2 years on

Infants enter this phase once they can imagine plans and perceptions in the caregiver and fit their own plans and activities to those of the caregiver.

So toddlers understand parents feelings,goals,motives and use this understanding to organize efforts to be close to themm.

Question 10

Reciprocal relationships(What does the child understanding parents feelings results into?)what happesns to the separation distress?

Answer 10

The mutually regulated relationships, since child has an active role in the develoment of a working relationship also the separation distress declines

Question 11

Reciprocal relationships(What is the smooth based phenomenon)?

Answer 11

Smooth alteration of exploration with occasional proximity seeking, seen in infants. It can be more observed among children whose mothers had been sensitive and responsive during infancy.

Question 12

What is the outcome of these phases?

Answer 12

An enduring emotional tie uniting infant and caregiver.

Question 13

What is the internal working model of attachment?

Answer 13

Mental representation of the self, attachment figures and relationships in general, developed in th eend of proccess.

It is believed to influence overall adjustment, social behavior, perceptions of others and develoment of self-esteem and sense of the self.

Question 14

Development of attachment theories.

Answer 14

Attachment theories is built upon the assumption that children come to this world with an inborn inclination to show behaviors leading to formation of attachment relationships, and this behavior would have had survival value in the environment in which human evolution took place.

Question 15

Breaking relationships.

Answer 15

Three phases in reaction of young children on breaking bond with parents have been suggested:

Protest
Despair
Detachment

Question 16

Protest

Answer 16

Child panics and tries to undo separation with all means available. Caregivers other than own parents are rejected.

Question 17

Despair

Answer 17

A few days later child is fixated on absent parents but has fallen into passivity.

Question 18

Detachment

Answer 18

Child starts to be more interested in the environment and is ready to interact with other caregivers. If parents return, attachment relationship is broken, and child might actively reject them.

Question 19

What is the strange situation procedure?

Answer 19

Procedure developed to assess infants attachment to primary caregiver.

Question 20

How was the strange situation procedure carried?

Answer 20

A longitudinal study was made during first year life of 26 mother infant pairs, observed at home four hours every three weeks. In this procedure, an artificial separation was created in hope that children´s behavior would indicate the degree of security in the relationship witht the attachment figure.

Question 21

8 episodes comprising the Strange situation procedure.

Answer 21

;;;;

Question 22

What are the three patterns of attachment distinguished on basis of the infants reactions to the reunion with the caregiver (step 8)

Answer 22

Secure

Insecure avoidant

Insecure ambivalent

Question 23

Secure reaction

Answer 23

Infants who actively seek proximity to caregivers upon reunion, communicate their feelings an distress openly and then return to exploration(67% of infants)

They get upset when the caregiver leaves but theyre happy when they see he comes back
Uses caregiver as a securebase for exploration.

Question 24

Insecure-avoidant

Answer 24

Infants who do not seem distressed and ignore or avoid caregiver following reunion (21% of infants)

Indifferent or avoidant to caregiver before and after she leaves
When upset infant can be easily comforted by stranger as a parent

Question 25

Insecure-ambivalent

Answer 25

Infants who are clingy and seek proximity with the caregiver rather than playing and exploring with the environment. (12% of infants)

Gets upset when caregiver leaves and it is not easily comforted, resisting efforts by caregiver to comfort him/her

Question 26

Waht is a disorganized/disoriented attachment?

Answer 26

It is a type of insecure attachment in which infants/young children have no consistent way with stress of SS; Behavior is confused or even contradictory, they appear dazed or disoriented; They want to be closed to mother but at the same time, they view her as a sourc of fear.

Question 27

What are the determinants of individual differences in attachment?

Answer 27

Sensitivity and temperament

Question 28

Sensitivity

Different effects that sensitivity can leave in children

Answer 28

Defined as the ability to perceive and interpret children´s attachment signals correctly and to respond to these signals promptly and adequately.

Feelings of insecurity due to a lack of responsiveness or inconsistent sensitivity can leave children with feelings of insecurity.

Secure bonds due to a consistent sensitive responsiveness.

The parents own childhood attachment experiences shape their ability/willingness to respond sesnsitively to infant signals:

Those neglected as children have higher risk f becoming neglectful or rejecting own children.

Question 29

Whtat are the two different approaches to the study of caregiver sensitivity?

What are their results?

Answer 29

Behavioral approach

Representational approach

The more sensitive parents have more secure children and enhancing parental sensitivity leads to more secure children.

Short term behaviorally oriented interventions are more effective than long term therapeutically based nterventions

Association between sensitivity and security of attachment is weaker among father and generally found among mothers.

Question 30

Temperament

Answer 30

Child temperamental vulerability (reactivity to stress znd novelty) to anxiety is a factor in measurement of attcahment remationship with parent

Question 31

How is temperament associated with attachment behaviors in the strange situation procedures?

Answer 31

proneness to distress resultsin more fussing and crying in strssful situations

Question 32

What is the adult attachment interview?

Answer 32

A semoi structured, hour long interview with 15 open ended questions revolving around issues of attachment, sparation, loss during childhood and adulthood . It is the discourse style that determines the coding of security of attachment representations.

Question 33

How is the adult attachment interview carried?

dual task?

Answer 33

Participants are asked to be coherent so they should only say what is true ( quality), not provide too many/few arguments (quantity), provide arguments related to what is bein gdefended (relevance) and b understandable in plain language 5 (manner)

Dual task= participants must focus on attachment experiences (even bad ones) and participants should stay focused on discourse and stay in touch with the interviewer and the context of the interview.

Only secure adults are able to keep balance between focus on present discourse and pastt experiences;

Question 34

Differnts results with the adult attachment interview,

Answer 34

Autonomous/secure

Insecure/dismissing

Insecure:preoccupied

Question 35

Autonomous/secure adult attachment

Answer 35

describes negative and positive attachment experiences coherently. Depiction of their childhood is balanced and not idealized or contradictory. See attachment as influential in their development.

Question 36

Insecure dismissing adult attachmen t

Answer 36

Present a positive evaluation of attachmen texperiences but cannot illustrate with events bacuse of the inability to remember. When negative aspects are accepted, they insist to remain untouched.

Question 37

Insecure-preoccupied adult attcahment

Answer 37

Still overwhelmed by past attachment experiences and feel mistreated by parents. Also, unable to tell a coherent story. When talking about the past and present relation with parents they can express anger.

Question 38

What does it mean when in adult attachment assesment we say unresolved?

Answer 38

Discuss experiences of loss or trauma in a disorientated way. It seems thay are still struggling with it from their speech

Question 39

What are the different correspondences between parental ttachment and infant attachment?

Answer 39

Insecure-dismissing parents - Develop avoidant attachment swith their children
Autonomous/secure parents- relate in a secure way to their children
Insecure-preocuppied parents-They are inclined to have ambivalent children.
Unresolved parents- Tend to have disorganized infants

Question 40

What may happen to a persons attachment styles in his way through from infancy to adulthood

What did longitudial studies show about this?

Answer 40

At any stage during years of immaturity, changes in children arrangemens and life events (rejection sseparations and losses) may provoke a course of attachment development.

They documented the discontinuity of attachment withinthe same individual across the first two decades of their lives.

The results were that stability was high and that discontinuity was associated wih negavtive events such as loss of parent or parental divorce.