Task 4

Question 1

Information processing theories

Answer 1

Class of theories that focus on structure of cognitive system and mental activities used to deploy attention and memory to solve problems.

Question 2

Two characteristics of these theories

Answer 2

It specifies precisely the processes involved inchildrens thinking

It puts emphasis in thinking as an activity that occurs over time

Question 3

What is task analysis?

Answer 3

Research technique of identifying goals, relevant information in the environment, and potential proccesing strategies for a problem

Question 4

What is the childrens nature?

Answer 4

information processing theorists see childrens cognitive growth as occuring continuously, in small increments occuring at different times on different tasks.

Question 5

Child as a limited capacity processsing system?

Answer 5

Childrens thinking is limlited by everal factors that are gradually surmounted as cognitive development arises:

Memory capacity
Speed thought proccess
Availability of useful strategies and knowledge

Question 6

Explain how the factors that limit children cognitive development are surmounted

Answer 6

Memory capacity :Surmounted by the amount of information they can proccess at one time

Speed of thought ^proccess :Surmounted with increase of speed with which they execute thought processing
Availability of useful strategies and knowledge: Surmounted through acquisition of new strategies and knowledge

Question 7

Child as a problem solver

Answer 7

Information processing theories assume that children are active problem solvers.

Question 8

What is problem solving?

Answer 8

Proccess of attaining a goal by using a strategy to overcome an obstacle

Question 9

Central developmental issues

Answer 9

uniqueness of information processing theories lies on the emphasis on precise descriptions of how change occurs and on how thay address issues of nature and nurture.

Question 10

Development of memory

Answer 10

Mos of informtion proccessing theories distinguish among working memory, long term memory and executive functions

Question 11

Working memory

Answer 11

Involves actively attending to, gathering, maintaining, storing and processing information.

Limited in its capacity ( the amount of information it can store) and in legth of time it can retain information without updating activities.

Question 12

How do capacity and speed of working memory change along the years?

Till when are spatial and verbal information represented seprately in working memory?

Answer 12

Capacity and speed vary with task and type of material being processed

Capacity and speed increase with age and relevant exprience

Al in part to maturational changes i the brain

Spatial and verbal infromation are represented separately in working memory until the age of 10

Question 13

What is long term memory?

Answer 13

Information and knowledge that people accumulate over their lifetime

It can retain an unlimited amount of information for unlimited periods of time.

Including factual knowledge conceptual knowledge procedural knowledge attitudes and reasoning strategies

Question 14

Not all on none form in long term memory?

Answer 14

People store information in different units and can retrieve some units without retrieving others

Question 15

What are executive functions?

Answer 15

Involve control of cognition and integrates informartion from working and long term memory to acomplish goals. Prefrontzl cortex plays important role in this cognitive control

Question 16

What are the three major types of executive functions?

Answer 16

Those that inhibit tempting actions that would be counterproductive
Those that enhance working memory through the use of startegies
Those that makes- us be cognitive flexible( takignsomeone elses shoes)

Question 17

When do executive functions emrge and when are they fulfilled?

Answer 17

Exectuive functions emerge during preschool years but dont fully mature until early adulthood.

Question 18

What does quality of exectuive functioning during early childhood period predicts?

Answer 18

Quality of executive functioning during early childhood predicts important life outcomes later like academic achievement, enrollment in college, income and occupational status during adulthood

Question 19

What are the explanations of memory development?

What are the three capapbilities being limited from being better?

Answer 19

They are efforts to explain proccesses that make memory as good as it is at each age and limitations preventing it form being better focus on three types of capabilities.

Basic processes
strategies
content knowledge

Question 20

WHat are basic processes?

Answer 20

Simplest and most frequently used mental activities

They include association of events,recognizing objects as familiar, recalling facts and procedures -, generalizing form one instance to another and encoding

Question 21

What is encoding

Answer 21

Basic process of representing in memory, information that draws attention or is considered important. It is key to all the other basic processes. information that is not encoded, is not remembered later. Also it shows how memoy is selective .

Question 22

What are the biological processes that contribute to faster processing?

Answer 22

Myelination(prenatal period through adolescene) and an increased connectivity among the brain regions(especially prominent in later childhood and adolescence).

Question 23

Strategies

When do strategies arise?

Answer 23

Plan of action designed to achieve a goal

Between 5 to 8 years children start to use broadly useful memory startegies

Question 24

Name two types of strategies and explain them

Answer 24

Rehearsal: Proccess of repeating infromation multiple times in order to remember it

Selective attention: Proccess of intetnionally focusing on information that is most relevant to current goal

Question 25

What is content knowledge ?

How does it improve memory? explain

Answer 25

With age and experience children´s knowledge about almost everything increases.

It improves memory in many different ways

By improving encoding- recall of new material make sit easier to integrate with existing understand
By providing useful associations- Remembering either one of two related information, increasing memory for the other.

Question 26

What is the develoment of problem solving?

Answer 26

Information processing theories depict children as active problem solves who use strategies to allow thel to overcome limitation spf knowledge and proccesing

Question 27

What is the overlapping waves theory?

Answer 27

Proposes that at any one age children use multiple strategies. Most children use three different strategies:

With age and experience they rely increasingly on more advanced strategies

Children discover new strategies that are more effective than the previous one, learn to execute both new and old and then choose th emore appropriate on eto a particular situation

Model characterizes childrens problem solving in a wide range of contexts such as arithmetic time telling reading spelling scientific experimentation ;;;

Question 28

How does planning help?

Answer 28

Problem solving is more succesful if people plan before acting

Question 29

Why do children and some adolescents fail to plan in situations in which planning would help their problem solving?

Answer 29

1 It requires inhibiting desire to solve problem immediately in favor of first trying to construct a best strategy.
2. Children tend to be overly optimistic about their abilities and think thay can solve problems more effectively tha their capabilities allow.

Question 30

What happens to overoptimistics children?

What increase the freauency and quality of planning?

Answer 30

They have more accidents than those who evaluate their capabilities more realistically.
Maturation of prefrontal cortex and experiences reducing over-optimism lead to increzse i the frequency and quality of planning.

Question 31

Differences and resemblances with piagets

Answer 31

check it out fuck