Article Contribution of facial versus vocal cues in 12 month olds social referencing behavior Task 2

Question 1

Social referencing

Answer 1

Proccess of communicationn whereby people actively seek and use others perception and interpretations of ambiguous situations to form own interpretations of those situations. Primarily considered a visual phenomenon

Question 2

Studies that demonstrate that infants guide their behavio rbased on emotional cues people offer them

Answer 2

Classical visual cliff study- Most infants crossed the cliff if mothers expressed interest/ joy, and few crosses if they expressed fear/anger.

Question 3

Vocally expressed emotions

Answer 3

Stronger than facial signals because of acoustic properties that engender emotions.

Voice alone but not face alone can guide infants behavior

Question 4

Current study

Answer 4

Vocal cues are more powerful than face

Question 5

Reasons for this

Answer 5

Infants learn to respond to vocal only cues and to trust the voice in order to social reference, with vocal only infromation, infants can focus and assess new situation while gatherin gauditory information about how to react. With visua and facial, infants must alternate their attention.