Task 2

Question 1

Sensation

Answer 1

The processing of basic infromation from the external world, by oursensory receptors.

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

The proccess of interpreting and organizing sensory information about objects, events and the spatial layout of the world around us.

Question 3

Visual acuity

Answer 3

How well can infants can perceive details

Question 4

High visual constract

Answer 4

Infants prefer to look at patterns of high visual contrast

Question 5

Poor constract sensitivity

Cone fovea

Answer 5

Infants can only detect a pattern when it has constrasting elements.

That is because all cone fovea contains widely spaced and poorly ddveloped cone receptors

Question 6

Contrast sensitivity

How do we measure it

Answer 6

Thanks to measuring contrast sensitivity we can determine how an infant perceives objects of different sizes.

Measured by the determining the smallest difference between dark and light bars of grating, at which an observer can still detect the bars.

Question 7

Spatial frequency

Answer 7

Measure of how fine the bar pattern is on the retina. Determined by number of cycles of the grating per degree of visual angle.

Question 8

Contrast sensitivity function

CSF across ages

Answer 8

Plot of contrast sensitivity vs spatial frequency

1 month- infants cannot see fine details and can only see large objects with high contrast.

– Undeveloped state of fovea forces it to see with rod-dominated peripheral retina.0

2 months Infants contrast perception has improved

3-4 months Infants can dofferentiate happy faces an surprised angry neutral faces as well as a cat and a dog.

Question 9

fovea

Answer 9

a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. The centre of the field of vision is focused in this region, where retinal cones are particularly concentrated.

Question 10

Perceiving color

Answer 10

Color vision is determined by the action of three types of cone receptors. It develops early, and appreciable color vision is present within first 3-4 months of life.

Question 11

Two dimensions perception of light stimulus can vary

4 months and color

Answer 11

Its chromaic color

Its brightness

4 months infants categorize colors the same way adult trichromats do

Question 12

Optical expansion

Answer 12

Depth cue in which an object occludes increasingly more of the background, indicating that it is approaching

Question 13

Binocular disparity

Answer 13

Depth cue in which difference between retinal image of object in each eye results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain.

Question 14

Pictoral cues

Familiar size

Answer 14

Depth cues that depend on experience with environment and development of cognitive capabilities. These include overlap and familiar size.

Infants familiarize with two objects of small and large size. It is predicted that infants perceive object to be closer if they remember it.

Question 15

Newborns and infants perceiving faces

Answer 15

Newvborns and infants can distinguish between different faces and very young infants prefer to look at face-like stimuli.

Disagreement- Whether preference for faces is caused by special mechanism or same mechanism for perception of objects.

Question 16

Prosopagnosia

Answer 16

Area responsibe for object perception cannot take over the task of identifying faces.

Question 17

Object perception

Answer 17

When a person moves our image of the person changes in size and shape but the person itself doe not

Question 18

Perceptual constancy

Answer 18

Perception of objects as being of constant size, shape and color, even if there are differences in the retinal image of the object.

Question 19

Object segregation

Answer 19

Perception of boundaries between objects. So, identification of separate objects in a visual array

Question 20

Thershold for hearing a tone

Answer 20

Newborns can hear and are capable of crude sound localization

3 6 month old infant and adult audibility function similarily
6 months infants threshold is within 10-15 dB of the adult threshold.

Question 21

Mothers voice

Answer 21

New brons can recognize sounds they have heard before

Question 22

Speech perception

Answer 22

The ability to discern meaning through words and sentences emrges before the infant can produce speech

Question 23

Phonemes

Answer 23

Smallest unit that when changed, changes the meaning of a word. Each language is constructed from these units

Question 24

Voice onset time (VOT)

Answer 24

Time delay between when a sound begins and when the vocal cords begin vibrating.

Question 25

Speech segmentation and 1 month olds phonemes

Answer 25

1 month olds are capable of categorical perception of phonemes even with no experience in producing or hearing speeching sounds.

Speech segmentation is the ability in infants to determine where in a string of sounds one word ends and another begins.

Question 26

Language and child

Answer 26

Infant posses mechanisms for perceiving all speech sounds early in development, but during the first year of life they become tuned to the language the child hears

reason they loose it after a year? They become sensitive to distinctions between sounds that are important in their language

Question 27

Intermodal perception

Answer 27

Combination of ear and eye into a perceptual whole

Question 28

Examples of intermodal perception

Answer 28

Hearing mothers voice helps newborn recognize her face

recognition can be achieved by other means: odor and other cues

Question 29

2 experiments with intermodal perception

Answer 29

Experiment 1 Kaye and Bower:
Sucking behavior of infants determine what image appears on the screen.

result: 1 day old infants are able of matching a shape they feel to a shaoe they can see

Experiment 2 Kuhl and Meltzoff

Baby sees two women faces each repeting different vowel sounds that match the lip movement of only one of the faces.

Result children tend to look at sound lmatching face.

Question 30

Olfaction in infants

Answer 30

newborns can smell and can discriminate between different olfactory stimuli

Question 31

Taste

Answer 31

Newborns discriminate sweet, sour and bitter stimuli