Targeting Flashcards
What is targeting?
Targeting is the process of fusing what 2 things?
What is the Main obj of targeting?
Targeting is both a ______and _______level command function
the process of SELECTING and PRIORITIZING targets and MATCHING the appropriate RESPONSE to them, taking account of operational requirements and capabilities
Targeting is the process of fusing intel and ops
The main objective is to IDENTIFY resources the enemy can least afford to lose, or those that provide him with the greatest advantage.
Targeting is both a JOINT- and COMPONENT-level command function that:
determines desired effects necessary to accomplish JFC objectives
selects targets that achieve those effects
selects or tasks the means to best engage those targets.
Guidelines/Principles of Targeting
• Focused - Achieving JFC’s objective
• Interdisciplinary -Operators, intelligence, legal, geospatial, etc.
• Systematic - Achieve effects (lethal and nonlethal actions) in a systematic manner
• Effects-based - Produce specific effects (physical, functional, or psychological)
• Direct - directs lethal and nonlethal to create desired effects
Categories of Target
Functions
Facilities, individuals, virtual, equipment, organization
General targeting Categories
DELIBERATE: Prosecutes PLANNED targets, known to exist with engagement schedule to create effects which support JFC objectives
DYNAMIC: Prosecutes targets of OPPORTUNITY and changes to planned targets or objectives
Deliberate targeting scheduling methodologies
Scheduled: prosecuted at a specific time
On-call: actions planned but not for specific delivery time
Dynamic Targeting scheduling methodologies
Unplanned: known to exist in OE
Unanticipated: unknown or not expected
What is the Joint Targeting Cycle Definition?
“An iterative process that is NOT time-constrained, and steps may occur CONCURRENTLY, but it provides a helpful FRAMEWORK to describe the steps that must be satisfied to successfully conduct joint targeting”
Common methodology
Authoritative, yet flexible
Helpful to coordinate, synchronize, and de-conflict
Minimizes duplication
Aids in integration of capabilities
Links objectives, effects, tactical actions
Relevant through all phases of operations
What is the joint targeting cycle steps (Enter The Candy Cunt Mighty Ass)
1: End State and Commanders Objectives
2: Target Development and Prioritization
3: Capabilities Analysis
4: Commanders Decision and Force Assignment
5: Mission Planning and Force Execution
6: Assessment
Describe Step 1 “End State and CDRS OBJ” (D-PECRR)
DRIVES targeting
• Sets targeting PRIORITIES
• Determines desired/undesired EFFECTS
• Specifies DAMAGE CRITERIA
• Establishes RESTRICTIONS
• Sets collection REQUIREMENTS
Describe Step 2 “TARGET DEVELOPMENT AND PRIORITIZATION” (DEEV)
• Determines TYPE AND DURATION OF ACTION necessary to achieve Commander’s objectives
• Entails systematic EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL TARGET SYSTEMS
• EACH CCMD DETERMINES ITS PRIORITIZATION CRITERIA in accordance with the mission and the Commander’s intent, guidance, and objectives
• VETTING AND VALIDATION determines if a target remains a viable element of the system and whether it is lawful target
Describe the 3 steps of “TARGET DEVELOPMENT AND PRIORITIZATION”
- TARGET SYSTEM ANALYSIS: An all-source examination of potential target systems to determine relevance to stated objectives, military importance, and priority of attack. It is an open-ended analytic process produced through the intelligence production process using national and theater validated requirements as a foundation”
- ENTITY-LEVEL TARGET DEVELOPMENT:
• Progresses target from initial ID to execution level detail
• Simultaneously conducted across the Joint Force. Submit individual entities as TDNs by components, agencies, and MN partners.
• Target Development Nomination (TDN): Entities submitted by analysts from across the joint force as a result of TSA and target development. - TARGET LIST MANAGEMENT
Begins when a target is nominated for target development and ends with the creation and maintenance of a prioritized target list.
Includes target:
• Vetting
• Validation
• Listing
• Nomination
• Prioritization
Candidate Target List (CTL):
A list of OBJECTS or ENTITIES submitted by component commanders, appropriate agencies, or the joint force commander’s staff for FURTHER DEVELOPMENTand inclusion on the joint target list and/or restricted target list, or moved to the no-strike list”
Restricted Target List (RTL):
A list of restricted targets nominated by elements of the joint force and approved by the joint force commander. This list also includes restricted targets directed by higher authorities”
No-Strike List (NSL):
A list of objects or entities characterized as PROTECTED from the effects of military operations under international law and/or ROE. Attacking these may violate the law of armed conflict or interfere with friendly relations with indigenous personnel or governments”
Joint Target List (JTL):
A CONSOLIDATED AND VALIDATED list of selected targets, upon which there are NO RESTRICTIONS placed, considered to have military significance in the JFC AOR
Target Nomination List (TNL):
A target-consolidated list of targets made up of the multiple candidate target lists.
*A PRIORITIZED list of targets drawn from the joint target list and nominated by component commanders, appropriate agencies, or the joint force commander’s staff for INCLUSION on the joint integrated prioritized target list”
CTL–>JTL–>TNL–>JIPTL
(JIPTL):
Joint Integrated Prioritized Target List
A prioritized list of targets APPROVED and MAINTAINED by the JFC.
Targets and priorities are derived from the recommendations of components and other appropriate agencies, in conjunction with their proposed operations supporting the JFC’s objectives and guidance”
Target Oversight Authority:
Individual(s) responsible for conducting planning, coordination, and deconfliction associated with joint targeting”
Joint Targeting Coordination Board (JTCB):
A group formed by the JFC to accomplish broad targeting OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONSthat may include but are not limited to coordinating targeting information, providing targeting guidance and priorities, and refining the JIPTL. The board is normally comprised of representatives from the joint force staff, all components, and if required, component subordinate units”
Describe Step 3 “CAPABILITIES ANALYSIS” (4 steps: Tom Cant Fucking Eat)
TARGET VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS.
-Building on the critical target elements identified in phase 2
CAPABILITIES ASSIGNMENT.
-Weaponeering is accomplished in this step
-Asset Target Interactions (ATIs) is created and evaluated
FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT.
-ATIs must be evaluated for feasibility.
EFFECTS ESTIMATE.
-Each feasible ATI should have first, second, and higher order effects identified.
-Collateral damage is a second order effect.
Weaponeering
– Selecting weapon/system to inflict damage or effect
– Based on objectives and desired lethal and non-lethal effects
Collateral Damage Estimation (CDE)
–UNINTENDED or INCIDENTAL damage to persons or objects which are not lawful targets
–CDE is conducted before operations to prepare the CDR for all possible effects of potential COAs
–Commanders must conduct a proper proportionality analysis to use the amount of force required to achieve a direct and concrete military advantage.
–CDE provides the process to predict and mitigate collateral damage
• Facilitates risk estimation and mitigation
• Identifies target engagement’s sensitivity and associated risks
• **Required on every target IAW ROE
• Target is weaponeered to balance accomplishing the mission with the risks to U.S. forces and the risk for collateral damage
Describe step 4 “COMMANDER’S DECISION AND FORCE ASSIGNMENT” ( 5 Steps, CAAPI)
Integrates previous phases of JTC and fuses capabilities analysis with available forces, sensors, and weapons systems
Provides vital link between planning and ops
- Consolidate Target Development and Capabilities Analysis Results.
- Assemble Data on Friendly Force Status, Factoring in Operational Limitations and Apportionment Guidance
- Assign Forces to Specific Targets and Supporting Missions.
- Present Joint Targeting Recommendations to the JFC for Approval.
- Issue Tasking Orders to Forces.
Describe Step 5 “MISSION PLANNING AND FORCE EXECUTION”(PCPT)
Performed at operational and tactical levels
-tasked units conduct detailed planning and conduct assigned missions
-mission command monitors
Component planning
– OPORD/FRAGORD/ATO Input
– JFC support to units
**Target Engagement Authority (TEA): The authority to direct fires against approved targets.
Positive Identification: The reasonable certainty that a functionality and geospatially defined object of attack is a legitimate military target in accordance with the LOW and applicable ROE; also called PID
Describe Step 6 ASSESSMENT (Monkey Butt Rape)
Measures progress toward mission accomplishment
In general, the level at which a specified operation, task, or action is planned and executed should be the level at which it is assessed
Combat assessment is composed of three elements:
• BDA
• Munitions effectiveness assessment
• Re-attack recommendation
Describe BDA and the three phases
Battle Damage Assessment (BDA):
(PHYSICAL, CHANGE, FUNCTIONAL damage, TARGET system,—ASSESSMENT)
the estimate of target damage or effect which is based on PHYSICAL damage assessment, CHANGE assessment, and FUNCTIONAL damage assessment, as well as TARGET system assessment, resulting from the application of lethal and nonlethal capabilities.
BDA is conducted POST OPERATIONS to evaluate the EFFECTS of the actions conducted on the target.
***It facilitates advising the CDR on the MOEs and the MOPS
- Phase 1: A PHYSICAL damage assessment is an estimate of the QUANTITATIVE extent of physical damage
- Phase 2: FUNCTIONAL damage assessment is an estimate of the degradation or DESTRUCTION of the functional/operational capability of a target to perform its intended mission.
- Phase 3: FUNCTIONAL Assessment of Higher-Level TARGET SYSTEM
Purpose—Munitions Effectiveness Assessment?
Determining the effectiveness of munitions, weapons systems, and tactics.
***The purpose of MEA is to compare the ACTUAL effectiveness of the task to the ANTICIPATED effectiveness calculated during phase 3 capability analysis of the joint targeting cycle.
MEA is conducted concurrently and interactively with BDA.
Future Targeting and Re-attack Recommendation
***MERGE the picture of WHAT was done (BDA) with HOW it was done (MEA) and COMPARE the result with predetermined MOEs
The purposes are to determine degree of success in achieving objectives and to formulate any required follow-up actions, or to indicate readiness to move on to new tasks in the path to achieving the overall JFC objectives.
Measures of Effectiveness
• A MOE is a criterion used to ASSESS CHANGES in system behavior, capability, or operational environment that is tied to measuring the attainment of an end state, an objective, or the creation of an effect. It measures the relevance of actions being performed.
• More subjective than MOP.
• Can be qualitative and quantitative.
“Are we doing the right things”
The WHY in the mission statement - Intended purpose
NOT tied to MOPs
Tracked in formal assessment plans
EXAMPLES?
Measure of Performance
• A MOP is a criterion used to assess friendly ACTIONS that is tied to measuring task accomplishment. (tactical tasks)
• Metrics should be: relevant, measurable (against baseline), responsive, and resourced.
“Are we doing things right”
WHAT in the mission statement
Not tied to MOEs
Tracked in Execution Matrices
EXAMPLES?
What is the purpose of Joint Targeting?
The purpose is to provide the JFC with a TARGET LIST to support the joint force campaign OBJECTIVES
Components, of which SOF is one, must understand the Joint Targeting Cycle to achieve the effects necessary to accomplish the JFC objectives.
Describe the role of the SOLE
Typically a joint team provided by the JFSOCC to the JFACC at the JAOC (Joint Air Operations Center) to coordinate, deconflict and synchronize special operations air, surface and subsurface activities with joint air operations.
JFSOCC–>JFACC @ JAOC
SOLE Director:
- works directly for the JFSOCC / CDR JSOTF
- has no command authority; does NOT make decisions
- places SOF ground, maritime, and air members in the JAOC
***Role: Critical to integrating the ARSOF/JSOTF Commander’s targeting needs with the Joint Force
Responsibilities:
• Provide JSOTF/ARSOF combat plan to JFACC/JAOC.
• Coordinate ARSOF/JSOTF requests for air support.
• Synchronizes maneuver and fires by exchanging operational and intelligence data.
• De-conflict airspace requirements
• Integrate ADA with defensive counter-air
• Provide feedback on the air war to JSOTF
