STR 1 Flashcards
UW definition
ACTIVITES conducted to enable a
resistance movement or insurgency to
COERCE, DISRUPT, or OVERTHROW a
government or occupying power by
operating through or with an
UNDERGROUND, AUXILLARY and GUERILLA FORCE in a denied area
UW Core Activities
(G PPISS)
Guerrilla Warfare
Personnel Recovery
Preparation of the environment
Intelligence Operations
Subversion
Sabotage
Subversion
actions to UNDERMINE the military, economic, psychological, or political strength or morale of a GOVERNING AUTHORITY
-Political Action
-Psychological Action
Subversion strategy should separate the existing government from its basis of power by UNDERMINING THE INSTITUTIONAL supports upon which it rests.
Insurgent subversion methods and tactics involve the psychological objectives of creating SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION and the political objectives of creating alternative organizations to contend for power.
Crystallizing attitudes and organizing dissident elements to resist government action and policies.
Sabotage
Sabotage is defined as an act or acts with intent to INJURE, INTERFERE WITH, OR OBSTRUCT any war materiel, premises, utilities, human and natural resources used for the national defense of a country.
sabotage provides a relatively low-cost and low-risk method for the indigenous populace to participate in resistance.
Sabotage is technically a component of subversion because it consists of actions which do contribute to the “UNDERMINING OF THE MILITARY, ECONOMIC, PSYCHOLOGICAL, OR POLITICAL STRENGTH OR MORALE OF A GOVERNING AUTHORITY”.
Subversion vs Sabotage
Subversion generally connotes the actions DIRECTED AT HUMAN BEINGS OR INSTITUTIONS and meant to undermine the sources of political power, whereas sabotage generally connotes actions directed at physical things and processes and meant to undermine the SOURCES OF MATERIAL POWER.
Guerrilla
An IRREGULAR, predominantly INDIGENOUS member of a guerrilla force organized similar to military concepts and structure in order to conduct military and paramilitary operations in enemy-held, hostile, or denied territory.
Although a guerrilla and guerrilla forces can exist independent of an insurgency, guerrillas normally operate in covert and overt resistance operations of an insurgency.
Guerrilla force
A group of IRREGULAR, predominantly INDIGENOUS personnel organized along military lines to conduct military and paramilitary operations in enemy-held, hostile, or denied territory.
Guerrilla warfare
Military and paramilitary operations conducted in enemy-held or hostile territory by irregular, predominantly indigenous, forces.
Personnel Recovery
Personnel recovery is the sum of military, diplomatic, and civil efforts to affect the recovery and reintegration of isolated personnel.
Nonconventional assisted recovery (NAR)
Nonconventional assisted recovery (NAR) is the recovery of isolated persons by SOF air, ground, and maritime forces; and other government agencies (OGAs) specially trained to develop nonconventional assisted recovery infrastructure and interface with or employ indigenous or surrogate personnel.
Used in uncertain or hostile areas where personnel recovery capability is not feasible, inaccessible, or does not exist, to contact, authenticate, support, move, and exfiltrate isolated personnel back to friendly control.
Intelligence Operations
Intelligence operations are the tasks undertaken by military intelligence units through the intelligence disciplines to obtain information to satisfy validated requirements.
Intelligence operations may be conducted by tactical units for the purpose of information collection.
Tactical intelligence
-Intelligence support to subversion/sabotage
-Intelligence focused on scientific and military secrets
-Political intelligence
Preparation of the Environment
PE is an umbrella term for activities conducted in foreign countries to SHAPE and PREPARE an area for potential operations.
During UW, PE occurs in a dual capacity:
-That conducted by U.S. forces to operate on the periphery of and within a designated UW operational area.
-The preparation of the denied area by resistance elements for the conduct of resistance operations and activities
Low vis operations
Sensitive operations wherein the political-military restrictions inherent in covert and clandestine operations are either not necessary or not feasible; actions are taken as required to LIMIT EXPOSURE of those involved and/or their activities.
Clandestine Operation
An operation sponsored or conducted by governmental departments or agencies in such a way as to assure SECRECY OR CONCEALMENT
**A clandestine operation differs from a covert operation in that EMPHASIS is placed on CONCEALMENT of the OPERATION rather than on concealment of the identity of the sponsor.
In special operations, an activity may be both covert and clandestine and may focus equally on operational considerations and intelligence-related activities.
Covert Operation
An operation that is so planned and executed as to CONCEAL the IDENTITY of or permit plausible denial by the sponsor. A covert operation differs from a clandestine operation in that EMPHASIS is placed on CONCEALMENT of the IDENTIY of the SPONSOR rather than on concealment of the operation.
Resistance movement
An ORGANIZED effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to RESIST THE LEGALLY ESTABLISHED GOVERNMENT or an occupying power and to DISRUPT CIVIL ORDER and stability.
Insurgency
The ORGANIZED use of SUBERVSION and VIOLENCE to seize, nullify, or challenge political control of a region.
Insurgency can also refer to the group itself.
Resistance Components
(GAS PUG)
Guerrillas
Auxiliary
Shadow Government
Public Component
Underground
Government in exile
Public Component
overt POLITICAL MANIFISTATION of a resistance.
The public component is NOT synonymous with shadow government or government- in-exile.
Public components are primarily responsible for NEGOTIATIONS with the NATION STATE GOVERNMENT or occupying power representatives on behalf of resistance movement objectives.
Shadow Government
A shadow government is the governmental elements and activities performed by the irregular organization that will eventually take the place of the existing government.
Members of the shadow government can be in any element of the irregular organization:
-underground
-auxiliary
-guerrilla force
The shadow government is an organization the underground forms in occupied territory.
Ideally, the shadow government can perform normal governmental functions in a clandestine manner and synchronize those functions with the resistance movement.
The shadow government is critical because it exercises a degree of control, supervision, and accountability over the population at all levels (district, village, city, province, and so on), and further discredits and delegitimizes the existing government.
Government in Exile
A government-in-exile is a government DISPLACED from its country of origin yet remains recognized as a legitimate sovereign authority of a nation.
A government-in-exile will normally take up sanctuary in a nearby allied or friendly nation-state.
Governments-in-exile should be expected to seek international support for the nation-state entity it represents but does not currently control, and it should be expected to seek reinstatement of its own power.
The government-in-exile may or may not have a relationship with the shadow government, the insurgency or the resistance movement. If a relationship does exist, don’t assume that all elements have the same objectives.
USG Sponsored UW
UW is conducted to support one of three strategic end-states against an adversarial governing authority.
Is based on objectives of the indigenous resistance movement and USG objectives of COERCE, DISRUPT, OR OVERTHROW.
Each involves creating effects through a series of activities by the resistance and USG participants, with DECISIVE POINTS, MISSION PARAMETERS, AND RISK PROFILES.
Coerce
Coercion is forcing someone of some entity to do something it would rather not.
UW can apply the method of coercion through supporting a resistance or insurgency.
-Must apply enough pressure to cause a change in actions
-Coordinated and significant application of other instruments of national power
-Further described for effects deter and compel
Transition following coercion will differ from an overthrow outcome, and may requires planning for preservation of the resistance force
The ACCURACY OF MUTUAL PERCEPTIONS ABOUT WHAT THE ACTORS VALUE AND FEAR ARE CRITICAL to the success of deterrence attempts
Disrupt
Disrupt is an integral part of TRADITIONAL WARFARE by the USG against an enemy.
Disruption effects may be subtle, may take a long time to discover, and may have delayed, indirect, or cumulative effects.
Disruption may be an option when regime change by the resistance movement or insurgency is assessed as challenging or impossible, but with USG support can effectively disrupt some significant lines of effort (LOEs) by the adversary.
Overthrow
USG may sponsor UW to overthrow a state or occupying power when it is intended that the supported successful resistance will support appropriate leaders for political control and governance, or where the resistance will eventually inherit political control over the contested area
UW planners and leaders should consider the second- and third-order effects of desired strategic outcomes
Indirect Support
USG may indirectly render support THROUGH A COALITION PARTNER or a third-country location.
USG normally limits indirect support to logistical aid and training.
Direct Support
U.S. assistance can include advisors in sanctuaries or insurgent-controlled areas NOT in direct combat.
USG can also render assistance from a neighboring country.
Combat Support
Includes all of the activities of indirect and direct support in addition to combat operations.
Underground
A COVERT UW organization established to operate in areas denied to the guerrilla forces or conduct operations not suitable for guerrilla forces
Auxiliary
The SUPPORT element of the irregular organization whose organization and operations are CLANDESTINE in nature and whose members do not openly indicate their sympathy or involvement with the irregular movement
Guerrilla
A combat participant in guerrilla warfare
Denied Area
An area under enemy or unfriendly control in which friendly forces cannot expect to operate successfully within existing operational constraints and force capabilities.
