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ATO Course > Target Anylysis (imported from AT Course) > Flashcards

Target Anylysis (imported from AT Course) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors affecting V of D?

CDDS

A
  1. density of the charge
  2. charge diameter
  3. degree of confinement
  4. strength of detonator
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2
Q

Define burn to detonation?

A

Occurs when there is an abrupt acceleration of the

flame front until it becomes a shock wave.

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3
Q

What is the definition of rarefaction?

A

A negative pressure phase (in either air or water)

Rarefraction is the area of low relative pressure following a shock wave.

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4
Q

What are the 3 levels of damage?

A

Disablement, destroyed, neutralized

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5
Q

What factors affect personnel vunerabilities?

A

Attitude (target area presented)

Protection ( buildings, PPE, equipment)

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6
Q

What is the formular used lethality probability Rule?

A

Pk = Ph x Pr x PL

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7
Q

What are the types of attack on aircraft?

A

 Overpressure (Blast)
 Kinetic energy (bullets or fragmenting warheads)
 Special kinetic energy (continuous rod)
 Shaped charges (EFPs)

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8
Q

What are the types of aircraft kills?

A

 KK-Kill The target suffers immediate and catastrophic disintegration.
 K-Kill The target is destroyed in less than 10 secs.
 A-Kill The target is destroyed in less than 5 mins.
 B-Kill The target is defeated in less than 5 hours.
 C-Kill The target’s mission is not achieved (mission abort).
 E-Kill The target may complete its mission but needs repair before it
can fly again.

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9
Q

What are the affects of altitude on a blast warehead?

A

 Density
 Attenuation
 Miss Distance
 Altitude increases/warhead increases

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10
Q

What are the warhead types used on aircraft?

Cluster disc warhead are types of warheads on aircraft, name more?

A
  1. Blast
  2. fragmentation
  3. fragmentation plus blast
  4. special kinetic energy
  5. shaped charges
  6. sub-projectiles
  7. cluster munitions
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11
Q

What are the types of Armour used?

A
  1. RHA- rolled homogeneous armour
  2. Spaced HA
  3. ply
  4. Face hardened
  5. reactive
  6. composite
  7. slat (bar
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12
Q

What is shattering?

IRT shot failure (Barreling, Shattering, Lateral bending) explain Shattering.

A

Raising the hardness of a steel shot, whilst increasing its compressive strength, makes the shot brittle

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13
Q

On a APC what is a F kill?

A

F kill is a firepower kill, destroying the tanks ability to use its gun.
The weapon system is destroyed

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14
Q

What are the 4 factors behind armour effects?

LOSH

A
  1. Luminosity
  2. Heat and fire
  3. Spalling
  4. Overpressure
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15
Q

What is the problems with combined kinetic and chemical rounds

A

The intense shocks to which any initiating mechanism is subjected on initial impact and during penetration.

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16
Q

Two types of enhancing penetration

A

rocket assist
barrel lengthening
lengthening the projectile
improve steadiness of shot

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17
Q

What are the factors affecting wound severity?

A
  • Actual energy transferred
  • Rate of transfer of energy from projectile to target
  • Tumbling/ yawing reduces energy transfer
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18
Q

How does HESH work?

A

When the rebounding tension wave meets further primary shock waves this exceeds the strength of the plate, and a large scab is detached from the rear surface.

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19
Q

Where is HESH initiated from

A

At the rear of the projectile/ Base detonating

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20
Q

Explain the reverse impact detonation

A

Detonation occurs before the fuze can produce detonation of the filling,
the shock wave will be travelling in the wrong direction

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21
Q

What are the forces used to discard the sabot? APFSDS?

A

Aero and gas pressures

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22
Q

Optimum stand off for a Shape Charge -munro effect

A

5 cone diameters

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23
Q

What is the projectile orientation that provides the best distribution of fragmentation?

A

The most effective distribution is when the projectile is vertical.

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24
Q

How can you control fragment velocity?

A

V of d of main charge
Amount of explosives
Density of charge
Density of raw material

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25
Q

How can you reduce the spin of a APFSDS round?

A

With a slipping driving band

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26
Q

What features can weapon designers change to change the size of fragments from the shell body?

A

Case material and mechanical properties
Thickness of the wall
Quantity of explosives and it’s position in relation to the fragment casing
V of D of the explosive

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27
Q

How does a rounds orientation affect it’s fragmentation

A

There is a more effective distribution when projectile is vertical

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28
Q

External ballistics, how to reduce air resistance

A

Small cross-sectional area
High mass
High velocity
Aerodynamic design

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29
Q

What are some factors that effect the performance of shaped charges?

A 
Cone diameter
Shape of liner
Liner material
Stand-off distance
Rate of spin
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30
Q

Explain diffraction

A

Breaking up or scattering of a wave by an obstacle

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31
Q

How much of a fragmenting anti aircraft warhead is inefficient?

A

80%

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32
Q

How can an fragmentation anti aircraft warhead be made more efficient?

A

Arrange the HE and fragments so they are projected in a narrow beam or band in one chosen direction

33
Q

What is the length to diameter ratio for spin and fin stabilisation?

A

Spin 7:1

Fin 15:1

34
Q

An EFP can penetrate from 1 CD up to..?

EFP penetrainion

A

1 to 1000

35
Q

What are they ways on increasing penetration?

A
  • Legthening of Barrel-
  • Rocket assisted-
  • Improve steadiness of shot-
  • Lengthen the projectile-
  • Use of segmented Long Rod Penetrators-
36
Q

What are the types of shot failure?

A
  • Barrelling
  • Shattering
  • Lateral Bending
37
Q

What are the high energy forms of attack?

A
  • Kenetic energy
  • Chemical energy
  • Combination of both
38
Q

What is the tank damage assessment criteria?

MFKP

A

M- Mobility Kill
F- Firepower Kill
K- Completely Destroyed
P- Payload Kill

39
Q

What are the different types of armour?

A
  • Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA)
  • Spaced Homogenous
  • Ply
  • Face Hardened
    Reactive- Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA)
  • Composite (Chobham)
  • Slat (Bar)
40
Q

Definition of an explosion?

A

An explosion is a nuclear, chemical or physical process leading to a sudden release of energy.

41
Q

3 types of explosions?

A
  • Physical Explosion
  • Chemical Explosion
  • Nuclear Explosion
42
Q

What are the primary effects of an explosion?

A
  • Heat
  • Blast
  • Fragmentation
43
Q

Define blast?

A

Violent disruptive effect caused by an explosion caused by an explosion. From the explosion there is an evolution of heat and gases and a shock front which emanates from the center of the explosion.

44
Q

What are the advantages of FAE?

A

1- FAE provides larger over pressure at greater distance than HE would provide.
2- Requires little or no oxygen in the molecular structure therefore making a FAE explosion 3 to 5 times hotter than HE

45
Q

Define defrlagration?

A

Describes subsonic combustion that usually propagates through thermal conductivity

46
Q

Define Kinetic energy?

A

In the form of a solid missile (a Shot) which dissipates its energy on impact and requires no triggering device to control the energy release.

47
Q

Define Chemical energy?

A

In the form of a substance, which has considerable potential energy relative to its mass, which can be released when suitabilty initiated.

48
Q

What are the spin compensations used on shaped charges?

A
  • Slipping driving bands
  • Fluted liners
  • Spin compensated liners
49
Q

Describe reflection?

A

The blast wave is thrown back at an angle to the original path.

50
Q

What are the principles of shape charges?

A
  • A hollowing out the front face of a slab of high explosives to give a conical shape.
  • Energy is directed inwards and forwards as a gases jet
  • Metal liner is places on the front of HE charge it will collapse and be carried forward
51
Q

Define barrelling

A

Direct compression failure in the shot material. The shot bellies out.

52
Q

Define lateral bending?

A

At high angles of attack the shot is subjected to severe lateral stresses, both particularly towards its rear end.

53
Q

Fortifications and armour can be attacked by various means of delivery. List 5:

A 
Guns
Grenades
Mines
Aircraft Bombs
Missiles
54
Q

Residual energy is one factor that ammunition designers take into consideration in the defeat of armour, if a round of ammo is to achieve its kill. List the remaining 3:

A

Accuracy
Reliability
Lethality

55
Q

What are the terminal ballistic requirements?

A
  • Small cross sectional area
  • High Mass
  • High Velocity
  • Hard material
56
Q

What are the purposes of a cap?

A
  • Initial indentation
  • Prevent shot failure
  • Rotate shot to normal
57
Q

What are 2 types of discarding sabots?

A

Petal and Pot

58
Q

What does the following stand for APCNR?

A

Armour Piercing Composite Non Rigid

59
Q

What are the types of targets?

A
  • People
  • Vehicles
  • Structures
  • Equipment
  • Aircraft
  • Complex
60
Q

ON a battlefield there are 3 types of key targets that present themselves to land forces, list them?

A
  • People
  • Armoured Vehicles
  • Aircraft in flight
61
Q

What effects on aircraft does altitude have?

A
  • Density
  • Attenuation
  • Miss Distance
  • Altitude increases/ warhead increases
62
Q

What are the 3 sub-divisions of aircraft on targets?

A
  • Fast moving aircraft
  • Slow moving aircraft
  • Helicopters
63
Q

What are the vulnerable areas of an aircraft?

A
  • Avonics
  • Fuel tanks and lines
  • Crew
  • Flight controls
  • Airframes
  • Engines
  • Power Transmission systems
  • Payload/ Bombload
64
Q

2 types of damage on personnel?

A
  • physical, mental
65
Q

What are the different modes of attack on personnel?

A
  • High probability of a hit
  • Rapid transfer of energy
  • Ni unnecessary overkill
66
Q

What are the modes of attack on personnel?

A

Grenades, Mortars, Projectiles

67
Q

What are fragmentation producers on personnel?

A

Generic HE projectiles
Pre notched containers
Pre formed fragments

68
Q

What are the design characteristics of a HESH round?

A
  • Head must be collapsible
  • Head must not be pointed
  • HE must have a high V of D
  • Explosive be plastic in nature
  • Fuze must be in the base
  • Inert bituminous pad in nose
69
Q

What can defeat HESH?

A
  • Spaced Armour
  • Skirting plate
  • Grooved
  • Reactive Armour
70
Q

List 2 secondary effect of HESH?

A
  • Anti- personnel effects from frag, shock wave

- Damage to sensitive equipment

71
Q

What is the expected SCAB size for HESH ammo?

A
  • Depends on calibre of weapon and thickness of armour but generally 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 times its own diameter.
72
Q

What are the factors affecting the performance of HESH?

A
  • Calibre, Angle of attack, Striking velocity
73
Q

What is the definition of a shape charge?

A

A charge shape concentrates its explosive force in a particular direction.

74
Q

How do shape charges achieve their effect?

A

Intense concentration of kinetic energy

75
Q

What must a chemical explosive exhibit?

A
  • Rapid expansion
  • Evoultion of heat
  • Rapidity of reaction
  • Initation of reaction
76
Q

Types of fuel used for FAE?

A
  • Acetylene
  • Butane
  • Ethylene oxide
  • Kerosene
  • Propylene oxide
  • Aluminium
77
Q

3 phases of a blast?

A
  • Shock front
  • Positive Phase
  • Negative phase
78
Q

List the main targets of FAE?

A
  • Concentrations of AFV and SP guns
  • Parked aircraft
  • Minefield clearnace
  • Ships
  • Bunkers/ trenches
  • Concentrations of troops in the open

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