Formative 8 - Theory of design Flashcards
Theroy of design - SAA
Define
Define a small arms ammunition
Ammo for weapons such as pistols rifles and machine guns below 20mm calibre
Cannon is usually 20-40 and design differs in many respects.
Theroy of design - SAA
Define
Define calibre
The diameter of the barrel of the weapon between opposing lands of the rifling
Projectile diameter is often slightly larger than than the calibre IOT engage rifling
Military projectiles generally use metric measurements whilst commercial typically use imperial
Theroy of design - SAA
Define
What descriptors should a short name of SAA contain?
WHAT, CALIBRE, ROLE/FUNCTION, MODEL, FUZE, EXTENDED INFO
Theory of design - SAA
List
List the four main parts of SAA
Cartridge case,
ignition system
propellant charge
projectile
Theory of design - SAA
List
What 4 things does a cartridge case do?
Holds propellant charge
incorporate the ignition system
retain he projectile
provide obturation
Theory of design - SAA
List.
List the important factors that will influence design of a cart case
Role of ammo
type of ammo
proj design
ignition system
Theory of design - SAA
List
List three qualities a cart case MUST have
Sufficiently elastic (co-efficient of expansion)
- expand to provide obturation
- contract to allow extraction
resist corrosion
strong
Theory of design - SAA
List
List some more important factors of cart case design for shape and volume
Cart case volume
- IOT support a larger propellant charge
Shape
- support a large charge in in a convenient length
- high pressire rounds
- diameter larger than projectile
- tapered sides
- necked down forward at forward end
- Low pressure rounds
- diameter closer to the calibre
- typically straight
Theory of design - SAA
List
list different cart case materials
Cartridge brass 70/30 zinc
- strong
- hard
- elastic
- corrosion resistant
Cupro nickel - 80/20 Gilding metal 90/10 zinc aluminium Steel Plastic Polymers
Theory of design - SAA
List
List 3 steps of manufacture of cart case
Discs stamped from a sheet
deep drawn in several stages
intermediate annealing applied between stages
Theory of design - SAA
List
Detail why SAA has a soft mouth and a hard base
Soft mouth
- expand as pressure rises i nchamber
- establishes an early seal
- prevents gas leakage
Hard base to withsatand
- internal pressure
- rearward thrust
- extractors
- chambering/re-chambering
- extraction of empty cases
Theory of design - SAA
List
What 3 things does a cart case junction provide?
A seal against moisture
protection from accidental removal
retention by the cart case to allow a gas pressure build (later shot start pressure). called projectile pull pressure
Theory of design - SAA
List
List the 6 methods of securing a projectile to a cart case
Press fit
canneluring
indenting
stabbing
coning
crimping
Theory of design - SAA
List
List the four base types or shapes of a cart case
Rimmed, Semi-Rimmed, Rimless, Belted
Theory of design - SAA
List
List the types of primers in SAA 3 (4)
integral anvil (Berdan)
separate anvil (boxer)
rim fire
bonus points - a chinese model (ew) - effectively a cross integral and separate anvil with a ball bearing crushing the primer cap.
Theory of design - SAA
List
How is a primer fitted into a cart case?
Press fit - for low pressure rounds such as blank and rifle grenade cartridges
Ringing - Circular tool slightly larger i diameter than a cap chamber is pressed against the base of the case
Burring - special type of ringing used for high pressure SAA such as proof rounds
Punch stabbing - cartridge case is indented in a number of places over the edge of the cap
Theory of design - SAA
List
What compound is usually used in primer caps/initiators?
usually modern is lead styphnate.
non-lead alternatives
Theory of design - SAA
List
Projectile design is governed by its role , what factors would be considered?
target characteristics
effect required on the target
maximum effective range
ballistics
type of weapon
Theory of design - SAA
List
List design features short range proj
low velocities
not req. maintain stability
ballistic shape relative unimportant
something else i missed
Theory of design - SAA
List
Longer range ammo have tradeoffs between what?
Ballistics and obturation
Theroy of design - SAA
Define
identify two different types o projectiles
Solid - envelope and core eg ball, ap , filled - trace, incendiary
Theory of design - SAA
List
Accuracy depends son consistent MV, what influences MV?
precision in propellant load
consistency of propellant
crimp consistency from proj to propellant case
efficient obturation
Theory of design - SAA
List
How to identify ammo by colour:
Black Silver Blue Yellow red purple uncoloured
Black - AP Silver - API Blue - incendiary Yellow - observing red - trace purple - dim trace uncoloured - ball
Theroy of design: Grenades
Define a grenade
A grenade is a small explosive store designed for projection by hand or from a personal weapon. Occasionally a special discharger or launcher may be used.
Theroy of design: Grenades
List the 3 types of grenade design categories (method of delivery)
hand thrown
projected - rifle/gun
dishcharger vehicle fitted
Theroy of design: Grenades
List the types of grenade payload
HE anti-pers, offensive and defensive
HEAT and DP
smoke
chem and irritant
flash or noise composition (stun)
incendiary
practice
illuminating
Theroy of design: Grenades
List the 5 components that makeup a grenade
Body
Filling
fragmentation
fuze cavity
fuze
Theroy of design: Grenades
List the 6 components of the fuze
Safety pin
fly off lever - held by the thrower after pin removed
spring - held under tension
striker - percussion cap
detonator
delay pellet
Theory of design: Grenades
List two types of HE grenade and their difference
Offensive - blast
stun or incap an enemy, and not be lethal to to you with frag
Defensive - frag
be lethal to an enemy with frag whilst you are in a covered defensive position
Theory of design: Grenades
define a HEAT grenade
Usually projected or dispensed
not usually hand (since ww2)
limited affect against tanks more anit-veh
Theory of design: Grenades
define a DP grenade
- Dual purpose
- Normally rifle, gun launched
HEAT
FRAG
Theory of design: Grenades
Once again, name the two types of smoke grenades
Screening - originally WP now, with a HE disruptive fuze to burst the grenade on initiation, Red phos will have a low explosive to initiate the grenade
Signalling
Typical coloured smoke grenade - igniferous initiated like non-WP screening grenade
Theory of design: grenades
Define a chemical grenade
Filled with lachrymatory or irritant composition
The emission principles is rarely used now since rioters tended to throw hem back
Current design utilises ribber containing a large number of primed CS pellets,, the gas pressure bursting the body and spreading the pellets
Theory of design: grenades
define a stun or noise grenade
Police and spec forces use stun or disorientation grenade as non-lethal weapon
incorporate pyrotechnic powder which produce high noise (>130 db) and flash values sufficient to disorientate anyone IVO
- no frag
- stun and disorientate
- mild blast with blinding flash and loud report
- single or multiple functioning
Theory of design: Mines
define an incendiary grenade
Used for numerous tasks including:
- IEDD tool
- as an initiator
Body colour normally red
Theory of design: grenades
Define an illuminating round
I missed the description too.
Theory of design: grenades
Define a disharger grenade
Originally fitted to AFVs to provide an immediate localised smoke screen, their use now extended to Anti-riot and HE frag variants
Elec initiated, small propelling charge that both ejects grenade and ….more
Categorised as rifle or weapon launched
Theory of design: Mines
Define a mine
An explosive or other material, normally encased, designed to destroy or damage vehicles, boats or aircraft, or designed to wound, kill or otherwise incapacitate personnel. It may be detonated by the action of its victim, by the passage of time, or by controlled means.
Theory of design: Mines
What is the purpose of mines
Disrupts an enemy’s manoeuvre plan and deny him use of terrain
Reduce the effect of attacker superiority in numbers and channel him into and retain him in areas where he can be defeated
Significant casualties to enemy armour and increase the effectiveness of other anti armour systems
Theory of design: Mines
What are the 4 types of tactical (obstacle) can mines create
Disrupt
Turn
Fix
Block
Theory of design: Mines
What are the 5 characteristics and benifits of a mine
All weather, 24hr capability
Psychological effect
Contribution to the destruction of the enemy
CBRN resistant
Cost effective
Theory of design: Mines
There are X number of operational characteristics
list and define them
Ease of laying
- The mine should be easy to arm and lay. This is a function of the fuze design, the shape and sizes of the overall mine
Resistance to countermeasures
- Ploughs, flails, rollers, explosive over pressure and electromagnetic devices
- Difficult to see detect and to lift by hand
Delayed arming
- To allow the minelayer to get clear of the mine before it becomes armed
- Delayed arming is incorporated in scatterable mines (SM) required in any system which remotely delivers mines, or wherethe fuzing system could be accidentally actuated by noise or other signature of the laying vehicle
Sterilisation (neutralisation)
- Mines can be a double edged weapon
- International concern about the collateral damage caused by mines to non combatants, particularly after the conflict has ended
- Geneva Convention , which states that all minefields must be accurately marked as soon as practicable
- To meet military and political requirements for control of mines there are several technical solutions
Self neutralising
- Sophisticated and high cost mines should becapable of self neutralisation (SN) after a pre settime period
- Short term sterilisation mechanisms are usually electronic
- Battery voltage decay may be used
Self-destruct
- Mines which are difficult to detect or clear, or those with low explosive content should be Self Destruct (SD), which negates the need for clearance. The time delay in these devices is normally pre set at the time of their launch.
Remote control
- Tactically advantageous to communicate with mines, for mines to communicate with some form of centralised control, or for mines to communicate with one another
Record and Marking
- Consideration must be given to added time and manpower where no means of SN or SD is incorporated into the system being used.
Theory of design: Mines
What are the two logistic points on mines
Safety
- storage, transport, lay and arm
- self clearance
reliability
- over long periods, hostile environmental conditions
- detonate at the right time
Theory of design: Mines
What are the two logistic points on mines
Safety
- storage, transport, lay and arm
- self clearance
reliability
- over long periods, hostile environmental conditions
- detonate at the right time
Theory of design: Mines
List and define the components of a mine
Warhead
- He blast, shrapnel, shaped charge/EFP
Sensor and fuze
-mechanical: pressure/contact or double impulse
Electronic - discriminatory, able to attack weak points of target
Safety and arming unit
- Traditionally, mines and fuzes stored separately up to the point they are required for use. Modern mines can be handled safely using much more sophisticated techniques, allowing arming or neutralisation using integrated electronics
Power source
- Most modern mines require a power source, however only use minimal power when passive. High power to activate sensor in active mode. Sealed power supply must achieve this after years in storage or months after deployment
Case
- Contains the sub assemblies sensors may be attached to outside
- Scatterable mines with directional warheads requires way of righting
Theory of design: Mines
List the 4 types of anti-tank mine
Pattern, scatterable, side and area defence
Theory of design: Mines
What are the three categories of anti-pers mines>
Pressure activiated/direct contact anti-personnel mines
Omin-directional frag AP mine
Directional frag AP mines
Theory of design: Mines
List the 7 methods of mine laying
hand laying
mechanical
Scatterable mine laying systems
Vehicle
Shielder
Artillery
Aircraft
Theory of design: Mines
List the 5 methods of countering mines
Hand breaching - only way to 100% clear, slow, manpower intensive
Mechanical breaching - flail destroy or disrupt mines
Rollers - only effective against single impulse, pressure fuzed mines
Ploughs - width varies, effective against most types of mines
Explosive breaching - charge positioned across the minefield along the line of breach and then detonated
Theory of design: Free flight rockets
Why is a throat and venturi added to a rocket motor
By tapering the open end to form a throat, a smooth non-turbulent flow is obtained = Thrust
If an extension from the throat is fitted, a system of forces is set up giving forward thrust. This extension is generally referred to as a Venturi.
Theory of design: Free flight rockets
List the two parts of a FFR and the additional part
- Motor (including the combustion chamber , fins (if applicable) and nozzle)
- Warhead (including the fuze)
- In addition to the motor and the warhead, a launcher of some configuration is required. This may be hand held, platform or ground mounted.
Theory of design: Free flight rockets
Define a FFR motor
What kid of motors do FFR typically use?
A Motor for an FFR is simply a casing which provides a combustion chamber in which the charge can burn.
The motor casing must be strong enough to withstand the high temperature and pressures reached during combustion
Typically use a boost motor - fast burning with high thrust
Theory of design: Free flight rockets
List the 6 parts that make up a FFR motor
Casing
Combustion Chamber
Propellant
Igniter
Nozzle (s)
Fins (if not spin stabilised)
Theory of design: Free flight rockets
List the 7 types of rocket warheads
Nuclear.
HE.
Chemical (including smoke).
Preformed Fragments.
Sub Munitions.
Terminally Guided Munitions, and
Practice munitions.
Theory of design: Free flight rockets
What are the disadvantages and advantages of spin stabilising
Advantage is the degree of consistency that can be achieved in the dispersion of rockets at the target.
Disadvantage of spin is that it is often difficult to achieve adequate stabilisation due to the length of the rocket. In addition cannot easily change warhead without de-stabilising the rocket
Theory of design: Free flight rockets
What is Thrust misalignment and how is it overcome?
This is a condition caused when the thrust does not pass through the Centre of Gravity of the rocket and causes the rocket to either pitch or yaw.
In reality, free flight rockets have an inherent thrust misalignment, which is the greatest cause of error in free flight. Spinning the rocket during motor burn reduces the effect of thrust misalignment.
Overcome by:
Manufacturing to closer tolerances (normally results in an increase in costs).
Impart a slower rate of spin. (Too fast a rate of spin will increase the effects of any Thrust Misalignment).
Reduced rocket motor burning time.
Addition of fins
Theory of design: Free flight rockets
What factors affect accuracy of FFL?
Surface Cross Winds
Propellant Burning Rate
Launcher Induced Errors
Theory of design: Mortars
Define th erole of the mortar
The role of the mortar platoon is to provide organic indirect FS to the infantry battalion. The infantry battalion’s organic mortar platoon provides the CO neutralising, suppressive and destructive indirect fire at decisive events supporting the close in battle to allow their forces manoeuvre to defeat the enemy.
Theory of design: Mortars
Lit teh types of morta fire
Preparation fire;
Covering fire;
Defensive fire;
Counter Battery fire;
Harassing fire;
Smoke (screening and blinding);
Illuminating
Theory of design: Mortars
What are the 4 main characteristics or a mortar
Smooth Bore
No Recoil Mechanism
Restricted to use at elevations above 800 mils
Muzzle loaded
Theory of design: Mortars
What are the four main components of a mortar?
Barrel
Baseplate
Bipod, Tripod or Monopod
Sight
Theory of design: Mortars
What are the 4 types of 81mm mortar rounds in service?
HE
Smoke WP and RP
Illumination IR illumination and Visible Light
Training Inert projectiles which may be used with percussion primer and ignition cartridge or Sub calibre inserts
Theory of design: Artillery
define the M777A2
The Howitzer, Towed, 155 mm M777A2 is medium artillery equipment
Designed to provide close support and general support artillery fire to ground forces
Designed and manufactured in the US
It is extended-range, lightweight and split-trail piece of equipment that can be towed by a vehicle, or airlifted by rotary and fixed-wing aircraft
Theory of design: Artillery
Lit the two types of fire control for the M777
OFCS
DFCS
Theory of design: Artillery
List the 6 in service ammo for the M777A2
HE M107
HE M795
SMART DM702A1
HE XM982 Excalibur
Illuminating M485A2
WP M825A1
Theory of design: Artillery
What is the charge system used by the M777A2
and which two types
M232A1 MODULAR ARTILLERY CHARGE SYSTEM(MACS)
Reducer Flash M2
Theory of design: Artillery
What primer is used in the M777A2
Primer, Percussion, M82
Intro to 120mm
What is the role of tank?
The role of tanks is, in coordination with other arms, to close with and destroy the enemy using fire, manoeuvre and shock action.
Intro to 120mm
List teh 5 targets of tank?
People
Vehicles
Structures
Equipment
Aircraft in flight
Intro to 120mm
List the 7 ammo natures for tank
KE-W A2 120mm APFSDS-T
Cartridge 120mm M830A1 HEAT-MP-T
Cartridge 120mm M1028 Canister
Cartridge120mm M865 Target Practice Cone Stabilised Discarding Sabot Tracer (TPCSDS-T)
Cartridge 120mm M831A1 Target Practice-Tracer (TP-T)
Cartridge 120mm M1002 Target Practice Multi-Purpose-Tracer (TPMP-T)
.50 Cal Saboted Light Armour Penetrator-Tracer (SLAP-T)
Intro to 120mm
List the common components of tank natures
Combustible Cart Case (CCC)
- Painted and sealed Nitrocellulose
Case Base and Seal Assembly (CBSA)
- A steel and silicon rubber seal assembly
Electric Primer M129 or M125
- Benite strands and black powder igniter
- Energetic material weight
Main Charge Propellant JA-2 or M14
- JA-2 - Operational rounds
Intro to 120mm
Define/describe KE-W A2 120mm APFSDS-T
Description: Standard CCC with the M129 Primer JA2 Propellant Tungsten alloy penetrator with a stainless steel cast fin assembly Fitted with a tracer element 3 piece Sabot made from thermoplastic
Intro to 120mm.
Define/describe Cartridge 120mm M830A1 HEAT-MP-T
Standard CCC with the M129 Primer
JA2 Propellant
Designed to defeat light armoured vehicles, helicopters and soft targets such as bunkers.
Features a sub calibre warhead contained in a three piece discarding sabot.
Warhead contains a multi function fuze
Point detonating or air proximity mode
Proximity mode is designed to defeat targets such as helicopters.
Intro to 120mm
Define/describe 120mm Canister M1028
Standard CCC with the M125 Primer
JA2 Propellant Anti-Personnel Round
Two piece aluminium body improving payload/body discard uniformity
Payload consists of 1,100 tungsten steel balls
Projectile has a frangible cap so it doesn’t interfere with the spread of the tungsten steel balls
Designed for offensive fire against exposed enemy and defensive fire against massed infantry assaults
Allows one shot incapacitation at log ranges.
Intro to 120mm
Define describe 120mm TPCSDS-T M865
Standard CCC with the M125 Primer
M14 Propellant
Training round for the KE-W A2 120mm APFSDS-T
Cost effective training round to reduce expenditure
Range limited to 8000m, reducing safety traces on ranges
Solid steel spike penetrator
3 piece sabot
Cone Stabiliser:
Has 6 equally spaced slots that impart spin and cause it to loose ballistic stability to ensure limited range
Tracer element centrally located
Intro to 120mm
Define describe 120mm M831A1 TP-T
Standard CCC with the M125 Primer
M14 Propellant
Provides a cost effective training alternative to the expenditure of HEAT rounds.
It provides reduced safety distance templates for training.
Projectile consists of a solid steel spike, a hollow aluminium body, an aluminium stabilizer and a tracer element.
Intro to 120mm
Define describe 120mm M1002 TPMP-T
Standard CCC with the M125 Primer
M14 Propellant
Is a practice round used to simulate the M830A1 HEATMP-T.
Provides a cost effective training alternative to the expenditure of HEAT rounds.
It provides reduced safety distance templates for training.
Projectile consists of an aluminium projectile, a plastic simulated
Intro to 120mm
Define describe .50 Cal M962 SLAP T
Is a sub calibre round used with the training barrel (AIMTEST) that is fitted to the tank’s main gun.
The SLAP T is used in place of the M830A1 HEAT MP T round as a cost effective training alternative to using war shots.
It provides reduced safety distance templates for training.
Consists of a brass cart case, percussion primer, propellant and a saboted projectile containing a tracer element.
