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ATO Course > Formative 8 - Theory of design > Flashcards

Formative 8 - Theory of design Flashcards

1
Q

Theroy of design - SAA
Define

Define a small arms ammunition

A

Ammo for weapons such as pistols rifles and machine guns below 20mm calibre

Cannon is usually 20-40 and design differs in many respects.

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2
Q

Theroy of design - SAA
Define

Define calibre

A

The diameter of the barrel of the weapon between opposing lands of the rifling

Projectile diameter is often slightly larger than than the calibre IOT engage rifling

Military projectiles generally use metric measurements whilst commercial typically use imperial

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3
Q

Theroy of design - SAA
Define

What descriptors should a short name of SAA contain?

A

WHAT, CALIBRE, ROLE/FUNCTION, MODEL, FUZE, EXTENDED INFO

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4
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

List the four main parts of SAA

A

Cartridge case,
ignition system
propellant charge
projectile

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5
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

What 4 things does a cartridge case do?

A

Holds propellant charge

incorporate the ignition system

retain he projectile

provide obturation

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6
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List.

List the important factors that will influence design of a cart case

A

Role of ammo

type of ammo

proj design

ignition system

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7
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

List three qualities a cart case MUST have

A

Sufficiently elastic (co-efficient of expansion)

  • expand to provide obturation
  • contract to allow extraction

resist corrosion

strong

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8
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

List some more important factors of cart case design for shape and volume

A

Cart case volume
- IOT support a larger propellant charge

Shape

  • support a large charge in in a convenient length
  • high pressire rounds
    • diameter larger than projectile
    • tapered sides
    • necked down forward at forward end
  • Low pressure rounds
    • diameter closer to the calibre
    • typically straight
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9
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

list different cart case materials

A

Cartridge brass 70/30 zinc

  • strong
  • hard
  • elastic
  • corrosion resistant
Cupro nickel - 80/20
Gilding metal 90/10 zinc
aluminium
Steel
Plastic
Polymers
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10
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

List 3 steps of manufacture of cart case

A

Discs stamped from a sheet

deep drawn in several stages

intermediate annealing applied between stages

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11
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

Detail why SAA has a soft mouth and a hard base

A

Soft mouth

  • expand as pressure rises i nchamber
  • establishes an early seal
  • prevents gas leakage

Hard base to withsatand

  • internal pressure
  • rearward thrust
  • extractors
    • chambering/re-chambering
    • extraction of empty cases
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12
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

What 3 things does a cart case junction provide?

A

A seal against moisture

protection from accidental removal

retention by the cart case to allow a gas pressure build (later shot start pressure). called projectile pull pressure

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13
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

List the 6 methods of securing a projectile to a cart case

A

Press fit

canneluring

indenting

stabbing

coning

crimping

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14
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

List the four base types or shapes of a cart case

A

Rimmed, Semi-Rimmed, Rimless, Belted

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15
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

List the types of primers in SAA 3 (4)

A

integral anvil (Berdan)

separate anvil (boxer)

rim fire

bonus points - a chinese model (ew) - effectively a cross integral and separate anvil with a ball bearing crushing the primer cap.

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16
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

How is a primer fitted into a cart case?

A

Press fit - for low pressure rounds such as blank and rifle grenade cartridges

Ringing - Circular tool slightly larger i diameter than a cap chamber is pressed against the base of the case

Burring - special type of ringing used for high pressure SAA such as proof rounds

Punch stabbing - cartridge case is indented in a number of places over the edge of the cap

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17
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

What compound is usually used in primer caps/initiators?

A

usually modern is lead styphnate.

non-lead alternatives

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18
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

Projectile design is governed by its role , what factors would be considered?

A

target characteristics

effect required on the target

maximum effective range

ballistics

type of weapon

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19
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

List design features short range proj

A

low velocities
not req. maintain stability
ballistic shape relative unimportant
something else i missed

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20
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

Longer range ammo have tradeoffs between what?

A

Ballistics and obturation

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21
Q

Theroy of design - SAA
Define

identify two different types o projectiles

A 
Solid
- envelope and core eg ball, ap
,
filled
 - trace, incendiary
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22
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

Accuracy depends son consistent MV, what influences MV?

A

precision in propellant load

consistency of propellant

crimp consistency from proj to propellant case

efficient obturation

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23
Q

Theory of design - SAA
List

How to identify ammo by colour:

Black 
Silver 
Blue
Yellow
red
purple 
uncoloured
A 
Black - AP
Silver - API 
Blue - incendiary 
Yellow - observing
red - trace 
purple - dim trace
uncoloured - ball
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24
Q

Theroy of design: Grenades

Define a grenade

A

A grenade is a small explosive store designed for projection by hand or from a personal weapon. Occasionally a special discharger or launcher may be used.

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25
Q

Theroy of design: Grenades

List the 3 types of grenade design categories (method of delivery)

A

hand thrown

projected - rifle/gun

dishcharger vehicle fitted

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26
Q

Theroy of design: Grenades

List the types of grenade payload

A

HE anti-pers, offensive and defensive

HEAT and DP

smoke

chem and irritant

flash or noise composition (stun)

incendiary

practice

illuminating

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27
Q

Theroy of design: Grenades

List the 5 components that makeup a grenade

A

Body

Filling

fragmentation

fuze cavity

fuze

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28
Q

Theroy of design: Grenades

List the 6 components of the fuze

A

Safety pin

fly off lever - held by the thrower after pin removed

spring - held under tension

striker - percussion cap

detonator

delay pellet

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29
Q

Theory of design: Grenades

List two types of HE grenade and their difference

A

Offensive - blast
stun or incap an enemy, and not be lethal to to you with frag

Defensive - frag
be lethal to an enemy with frag whilst you are in a covered defensive position

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30
Q

Theory of design: Grenades

define a HEAT grenade

A

Usually projected or dispensed

not usually hand (since ww2)

limited affect against tanks more anit-veh

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31
Q

Theory of design: Grenades

define a DP grenade

A
  • Dual purpose
  • Normally rifle, gun launched
    HEAT
    FRAG
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32
Q

Theory of design: Grenades

Once again, name the two types of smoke grenades

A

Screening - originally WP now, with a HE disruptive fuze to burst the grenade on initiation, Red phos will have a low explosive to initiate the grenade

Signalling
Typical coloured smoke grenade - igniferous initiated like non-WP screening grenade

33
Q

Theory of design: grenades

Define a chemical grenade

A

Filled with lachrymatory or irritant composition

The emission principles is rarely used now since rioters tended to throw hem back

Current design utilises ribber containing a large number of primed CS pellets,, the gas pressure bursting the body and spreading the pellets

34
Q

Theory of design: grenades

define a stun or noise grenade

A

Police and spec forces use stun or disorientation grenade as non-lethal weapon

incorporate pyrotechnic powder which produce high noise (>130 db) and flash values sufficient to disorientate anyone IVO

  • no frag
  • stun and disorientate
  • mild blast with blinding flash and loud report
  • single or multiple functioning
35
Q

Theory of design: Mines

define an incendiary grenade

A

Used for numerous tasks including:

  • IEDD tool
  • as an initiator

Body colour normally red

36
Q

Theory of design: grenades

Define an illuminating round

A

I missed the description too.

37
Q

Theory of design: grenades

Define a disharger grenade

A

Originally fitted to AFVs to provide an immediate localised smoke screen, their use now extended to Anti-riot and HE frag variants

Elec initiated, small propelling charge that both ejects grenade and ….more

Categorised as rifle or weapon launched

38
Q

Theory of design: Mines

Define a mine

A

An explosive or other material, normally encased, designed to destroy or damage vehicles, boats or aircraft, or designed to wound, kill or otherwise incapacitate personnel. It may be detonated by the action of its victim, by the passage of time, or by controlled means.

39
Q

Theory of design: Mines

What is the purpose of mines

A

Disrupts an enemy’s manoeuvre plan and deny him use of terrain

Reduce the effect of attacker superiority in numbers and channel him into and retain him in areas where he can be defeated

Significant casualties to enemy armour and increase the effectiveness of other anti armour systems

40
Q

Theory of design: Mines

What are the 4 types of tactical (obstacle) can mines create

A

Disrupt
Turn
Fix
Block

41
Q

Theory of design: Mines

What are the 5 characteristics and benifits of a mine

A

All weather, 24hr capability

Psychological effect

Contribution to the destruction of the enemy

CBRN resistant

Cost effective

42
Q

Theory of design: Mines

There are X number of operational characteristics
list and define them

A

Ease of laying
- The mine should be easy to arm and lay. This is a function of the fuze design, the shape and sizes of the overall mine

Resistance to countermeasures

  • Ploughs, flails, rollers, explosive over pressure and electromagnetic devices
  • Difficult to see detect and to lift by hand

Delayed arming

  • To allow the minelayer to get clear of the mine before it becomes armed
  • Delayed arming is incorporated in scatterable mines (SM) required in any system which remotely delivers mines, or wherethe fuzing system could be accidentally actuated by noise or other signature of the laying vehicle

Sterilisation (neutralisation)

  • Mines can be a double edged weapon
  • International concern about the collateral damage caused by mines to non combatants, particularly after the conflict has ended
  • Geneva Convention , which states that all minefields must be accurately marked as soon as practicable
  • To meet military and political requirements for control of mines there are several technical solutions

Self neutralising

  • Sophisticated and high cost mines should becapable of self neutralisation (SN) after a pre settime period
  • Short term sterilisation mechanisms are usually electronic
  • Battery voltage decay may be used

Self-destruct
- Mines which are difficult to detect or clear, or those with low explosive content should be Self Destruct (SD), which negates the need for clearance. The time delay in these devices is normally pre set at the time of their launch.

Remote control
- Tactically advantageous to communicate with mines, for mines to communicate with some form of centralised control, or for mines to communicate with one another

Record and Marking
- Consideration must be given to added time and manpower where no means of SN or SD is incorporated into the system being used.

43
Q

Theory of design: Mines

What are the two logistic points on mines

A

Safety

  • storage, transport, lay and arm
  • self clearance

reliability

  • over long periods, hostile environmental conditions
  • detonate at the right time
44
Q

Theory of design: Mines

What are the two logistic points on mines

A

Safety

  • storage, transport, lay and arm
  • self clearance

reliability

  • over long periods, hostile environmental conditions
  • detonate at the right time
45
Q

Theory of design: Mines

List and define the components of a mine

A

Warhead
- He blast, shrapnel, shaped charge/EFP

Sensor and fuze
-mechanical: pressure/contact or double impulse
Electronic - discriminatory, able to attack weak points of target

Safety and arming unit
- Traditionally, mines and fuzes stored separately up to the point they are required for use. Modern mines can be handled safely using much more sophisticated techniques, allowing arming or neutralisation using integrated electronics

Power source
- Most modern mines require a power source, however only use minimal power when passive. High power to activate sensor in active mode. Sealed power supply must achieve this after years in storage or months after deployment

Case

  • Contains the sub assemblies sensors may be attached to outside
  • Scatterable mines with directional warheads requires way of righting
46
Q

Theory of design: Mines

List the 4 types of anti-tank mine

A

Pattern, scatterable, side and area defence

47
Q

Theory of design: Mines

What are the three categories of anti-pers mines>

A

Pressure activiated/direct contact anti-personnel mines

Omin-directional frag AP mine

Directional frag AP mines

48
Q

Theory of design: Mines

List the 7 methods of mine laying

A

hand laying

mechanical

Scatterable mine laying systems

Vehicle

Shielder

Artillery

Aircraft

49
Q

Theory of design: Mines

List the 5 methods of countering mines

A

Hand breaching - only way to 100% clear, slow, manpower intensive

Mechanical breaching - flail destroy or disrupt mines

Rollers - only effective against single impulse, pressure fuzed mines

Ploughs - width varies, effective against most types of mines

Explosive breaching - charge positioned across the minefield along the line of breach and then detonated

50
Q

Theory of design: Free flight rockets

Why is a throat and venturi added to a rocket motor

A

By tapering the open end to form a throat, a smooth non-turbulent flow is obtained = Thrust

If an extension from the throat is fitted, a system of forces is set up giving forward thrust. This extension is generally referred to as a Venturi.

51
Q

Theory of design: Free flight rockets

List the two parts of a FFR and the additional part

A
  • Motor (including the combustion chamber , fins (if applicable) and nozzle)
  • Warhead (including the fuze)
  • In addition to the motor and the warhead, a launcher of some configuration is required. This may be hand held, platform or ground mounted.
52
Q

Theory of design: Free flight rockets

Define a FFR motor

What kid of motors do FFR typically use?

A

A Motor for an FFR is simply a casing which provides a combustion chamber in which the charge can burn.

The motor casing must be strong enough to withstand the high temperature and pressures reached during combustion

Typically use a boost motor - fast burning with high thrust

53
Q

Theory of design: Free flight rockets

List the 6 parts that make up a FFR motor

A

Casing

Combustion Chamber

Propellant

Igniter

Nozzle (s)

Fins (if not spin stabilised)

54
Q

Theory of design: Free flight rockets

List the 7 types of rocket warheads

A

Nuclear.

HE.

Chemical (including smoke).

Preformed Fragments.

Sub Munitions.

Terminally Guided Munitions, and

Practice munitions.

55
Q

Theory of design: Free flight rockets

What are the disadvantages and advantages of spin stabilising

A

Advantage is the degree of consistency that can be achieved in the dispersion of rockets at the target.

Disadvantage of spin is that it is often difficult to achieve adequate stabilisation due to the length of the rocket. In addition cannot easily change warhead without de-stabilising the rocket

56
Q

Theory of design: Free flight rockets

What is Thrust misalignment and how is it overcome?

A

This is a condition caused when the thrust does not pass through the Centre of Gravity of the rocket and causes the rocket to either pitch or yaw.

In reality, free flight rockets have an inherent thrust misalignment, which is the greatest cause of error in free flight. Spinning the rocket during motor burn reduces the effect of thrust misalignment.

Overcome by:
Manufacturing to closer tolerances (normally results in an increase in costs).

Impart a slower rate of spin. (Too fast a rate of spin will increase the effects of any Thrust Misalignment).

Reduced rocket motor burning time.

Addition of fins

57
Q

Theory of design: Free flight rockets

What factors affect accuracy of FFL?

A

Surface Cross Winds

Propellant Burning Rate

Launcher Induced Errors

58
Q

Theory of design: Mortars

Define th erole of the mortar

A

The role of the mortar platoon is to provide organic indirect FS to the infantry battalion. The infantry battalion’s organic mortar platoon provides the CO neutralising, suppressive and destructive indirect fire at decisive events supporting the close in battle to allow their forces manoeuvre to defeat the enemy.

59
Q

Theory of design: Mortars

Lit teh types of morta fire

A

Preparation fire;

Covering fire;

Defensive fire;

Counter Battery fire;

Harassing fire;

Smoke (screening and blinding);

Illuminating

60
Q

Theory of design: Mortars

What are the 4 main characteristics or a mortar

A

Smooth Bore

No Recoil Mechanism

Restricted to use at elevations above 800 mils

Muzzle loaded

61
Q

Theory of design: Mortars

What are the four main components of a mortar?

A

Barrel

Baseplate

Bipod, Tripod or Monopod

Sight

62
Q

Theory of design: Mortars

What are the 4 types of 81mm mortar rounds in service?

A

HE

Smoke WP and RP

Illumination IR illumination and Visible Light

Training Inert projectiles which may be used with percussion primer and ignition cartridge or Sub calibre inserts

63
Q

Theory of design: Artillery

define the M777A2

A

The Howitzer, Towed, 155 mm M777A2 is medium artillery equipment

Designed to provide close support and general support artillery fire to ground forces

Designed and manufactured in the US

It is extended-range, lightweight and split-trail piece of equipment that can be towed by a vehicle, or airlifted by rotary and fixed-wing aircraft

64
Q

Theory of design: Artillery

Lit the two types of fire control for the M777

A

OFCS

DFCS

65
Q

Theory of design: Artillery

List the 6 in service ammo for the M777A2

A

HE M107

HE M795

SMART DM702A1

HE XM982 Excalibur

Illuminating M485A2

WP M825A1

66
Q

Theory of design: Artillery

What is the charge system used by the M777A2
and which two types

A

M232A1 MODULAR ARTILLERY CHARGE SYSTEM(MACS)

Reducer Flash M2

67
Q

Theory of design: Artillery

What primer is used in the M777A2

A

Primer, Percussion, M82

68
Q

Intro to 120mm

What is the role of tank?

A

The role of tanks is, in coordination with other arms, to close with and destroy the enemy using fire, manoeuvre and shock action.

69
Q

Intro to 120mm

List teh 5 targets of tank?

A

People

Vehicles

Structures

Equipment

Aircraft in flight

70
Q

Intro to 120mm

List the 7 ammo natures for tank

A

KE-W A2 120mm APFSDS-T
Cartridge 120mm M830A1 HEAT-MP-T
Cartridge 120mm M1028 Canister
Cartridge120mm M865 Target Practice Cone Stabilised Discarding Sabot Tracer (TPCSDS-T)

Cartridge 120mm M831A1 Target Practice-Tracer (TP-T)
Cartridge 120mm M1002 Target Practice Multi-Purpose-Tracer (TPMP-T)
.50 Cal Saboted Light Armour Penetrator-Tracer (SLAP-T)

71
Q

Intro to 120mm

List the common components of tank natures

A

Combustible Cart Case (CCC)
- Painted and sealed Nitrocellulose

Case Base and Seal Assembly (CBSA)
- A steel and silicon rubber seal assembly

Electric Primer M129 or M125

  • Benite strands and black powder igniter
  • Energetic material weight

Main Charge Propellant JA-2 or M14
- JA-2 - Operational rounds

72
Q

Intro to 120mm

Define/describe KE-W A2 120mm APFSDS-T

A 
Description:
Standard CCC with the M129 Primer
JA2 Propellant
Tungsten alloy penetrator with a stainless steel cast fin assembly
Fitted with a tracer element
3 piece Sabot made from thermoplastic
73
Q

Intro to 120mm.

Define/describe Cartridge 120mm M830A1 HEAT-MP-T

A

Standard CCC with the M129 Primer
JA2 Propellant
Designed to defeat light armoured vehicles, helicopters and soft targets such as bunkers.

Features a sub calibre warhead contained in a three piece discarding sabot.
Warhead contains a multi function fuze
Point detonating or air proximity mode
Proximity mode is designed to defeat targets such as helicopters.

74
Q

Intro to 120mm

Define/describe 120mm Canister M1028

A

Standard CCC with the M125 Primer
JA2 Propellant Anti-Personnel Round
Two piece aluminium body improving payload/body discard uniformity
Payload consists of 1,100 tungsten steel balls
Projectile has a frangible cap so it doesn’t interfere with the spread of the tungsten steel balls

Designed for offensive fire against exposed enemy and defensive fire against massed infantry assaults

Allows one shot incapacitation at log ranges.

75
Q

Intro to 120mm

Define describe 120mm TPCSDS-T M865

A

Standard CCC with the M125 Primer
M14 Propellant
Training round for the KE-W A2 120mm APFSDS-T
Cost effective training round to reduce expenditure
Range limited to 8000m, reducing safety traces on ranges
Solid steel spike penetrator
3 piece sabot
Cone Stabiliser:
Has 6 equally spaced slots that impart spin and cause it to loose ballistic stability to ensure limited range

Tracer element centrally located

76
Q

Intro to 120mm

Define describe 120mm M831A1 TP-T

A

Standard CCC with the M125 Primer
M14 Propellant
Provides a cost effective training alternative to the expenditure of HEAT rounds.
It provides reduced safety distance templates for training.
Projectile consists of a solid steel spike, a hollow aluminium body, an aluminium stabilizer and a tracer element.

77
Q

Intro to 120mm

Define describe 120mm M1002 TPMP-T

A

Standard CCC with the M125 Primer
M14 Propellant
Is a practice round used to simulate the M830A1 HEATMP-T.
Provides a cost effective training alternative to the expenditure of HEAT rounds.
It provides reduced safety distance templates for training.
Projectile consists of an aluminium projectile, a plastic simulated

78
Q

Intro to 120mm

Define describe .50 Cal M962 SLAP T

A

Is a sub calibre round used with the training barrel (AIMTEST) that is fitted to the tank’s main gun.

The SLAP T is used in place of the M830A1 HEAT MP T round as a cost effective training alternative to using war shots.

It provides reduced safety distance templates for training.

Consists of a brass cart case, percussion primer, propellant and a saboted projectile containing a tracer element.

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