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Revalida > Tagnawa BSWR (Physiology) > Flashcards

Tagnawa BSWR (Physiology) Flashcards

1
Q

Glottis is open but no air flow. Compare atmospheric pressure to the respiratory bronchial tree.
a. Greater
b. Lesser
c. Equilibrium
d. No change

A

C. Equilibrium

When the glottis is open and no air is flowing into or out of the lungs, the pressures in all parts of the respiratory tree, all the way to the alveoli, are equal to atmospheric pressure, which is considered to be zero reference pressure in the airways—that is, 0 cm H2O pressure.

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2
Q

What causes pleural pressure
a. Transpulmonary
b. Excess production of intercellular fluid
c. Alveolar pressure
d. Lymphatic drainage

A

A. and C

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3
Q

Aside from the soluble coefficient of a particular gas, what other factor affects the partial pressure of a gas?
a. Temperature
b. Concentration of the gas
c. pH of the mixture
d. Partial pressure of other gases in the mixture

A

b. Concentration of the gas

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4
Q

What is the effect of oxygen to the respiratory center?
a. Increase stimulatory effect
b. Decrease stimulatory effect
c. No stimulatory effect to the respiratory center of the brain
d. None

A

b. Decrease stimulatory effect

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5
Q

Which is not a composition of bile?
a. Water
b. Phosphatidylcholine
c. Cholesterol
d. Lipase

A

D. Lipase

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6
Q

Intrinsic factors is secreted by the parietal cells and are important in the absorption of
a. Vit B1
b. Vit B3
c. Vit B6
d. Vit B12

A

d. Vit B12

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7
Q

Site of bile synthesis
a. Liver
b. Bile duct/ Biliary tree
c. Gallbladder
d. Distal stomach

A

a. Liver

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8
Q

Deficiency or absence of the parietal walls will cause what type of anemia
a. Pernicious anemia
b. Intrinsic factor deficiency anemia
c. Iron deficiency anemia
d. Nutritional anemia

A

a. Pernicious anemia

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9
Q

The brown pigment in feces is caused by
a. Bilirubin
b. Food pigments
c. Urobilin
d. Bacterial product

A

d. Bacterial product

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10
Q

Resting membrane potential of gut smooth muscle
a. -60 - -70 mV
b. -50 - -60 mV
c. -40 mV
d. -20 - 50 mV

A

b. -50 - -60 mV

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11
Q

This reflex signals the stomach to cause evacuation in the colon
a. Gastrocolic
b. Ileocolic
c. Enterogastric
d. Defecation reflex

A

a. Gastrocolic

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12
Q

The vitamin that is formed in the gut colon which is also important in blood coagulation
a. Vitamin A
b. Vitamin K
c. Vitamin B

A

b. Vitamin K

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13
Q

When the potassium ion channels are opened and sodium ion channels are closed, and there is a continuous efflux of potassium, the cell membrane becomes
a. Depolarized
b. Repolarized
c. Hyperpolarized
d. Goes back to resting membrane potential

A

b. Repolarized

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14
Q

The ion responsible for the repolarization of nerve.
A. Ca influx
B. K efflux
C. Influx of K
D. Efflux of Na

A

B. K efflux

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15
Q

This neurotransmitter is release at the axon terminal of the somatic motor neuron and responsible for the excitation of skeletal muscle at the beginning of the excitation phase.
A. Acetylcholine
B. Norepinephrine
C. GABA
D. Glutamate

A

A. Acetylcholine

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16
Q

It is the event where actin-myosin-ADP-Pi complex triggers the release of phosphate and ADP that causes changes in myosin and myosin head complex
A. Detachment of myosin head of cross bridge from the active site of an actin filament
B. Initiation of cross bridge cycling
C. Reactivation of myosin head
D. Power stroke
E. Formation of actin-myosin complex

A

D. Power stroke

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17
Q

It is responsible for the detachment of myosin head of cross bridge from the active site of an actin filament due to changes of affinity of myosin head to the actin binding site.
a. ATP hydrolysis
b. Phosphate
c. ATP
d. ADP

A

C. ATP

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18
Q

This type of skeletal muscle contraction seen when tension is the only factor that changes?
a. Concentric isotonic contraction
b. Eccentric isotonic contraction
c. Isometric contraction
d. Both A and B

A

a. Concentric isotonic contraction

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19
Q

Which of the following has the largest total cross sectional area in the body?
A. Arteries
B. Venules
C. Capillaries

A

C. Capillaries

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20
Q

The patient came in with left sided weakness. The resident doctor asked you to compute his MAP. The blood pressure is 140/100. What is the patient’s MAP?
A. 126
B. 80
C. 120
D. 113

A

D. 113

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21
Q

Activation of sympathetic nervous system produce the following except:
A. Coronary dilation
B. Peripheral vasoconstriction
C. Activation of renin angiotensin II
D. All are true

A

D. All are true

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22
Q

Which of the following is true?
a. Venous system are 6x more distensible than arterial system
b. Pulmonic and systemic venous circulation has similar distensibilities
c. Pulmonic arteries are about 8x more distensible than systemic arteries
d. AOTA

A

b. Pulmonic and systemic venous circulation has similar distensibilities

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23
Q

Which change tends to increase GFR?
a. Increase afferent arterial resistance
b. Decreased efferent arteriolar resistance
c. Increase glomerular capillary coeffcient
d. Increase Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
e. Decrease glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

c. Increase glomerular capillary coeffcient

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24
Q

A 48-year-old woman reports severe polyuria (producing about 0.5 liter of urine each hour) and polydipsia (drinking two to three glasses of water every hour). Her urine contains no glucose, and she is placed on overnight water restriction for further evaluation. The next morning, she is weak and confused, her sodium concentration is 160 mEq/L, and her urine osmolarity is 80 mOsm/L. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
a. Diabetes mellitus
b. Diabetes insipidus
c. Primary aldosteronism
d. Renin secreting tumor
e. SIADH

A

b. Diabetes insipidus

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25
Q

Changes expected in a dehydrated person deprived of water for 24 hours
a. Decreased plasma renin
b. Decreased plasma ADH
c. Increased plasma ANP
d. Increased water permeability in ascending loop of Henle
e. Increased water permeability in collecting ducts

A

e. Increased water permeability in collecting ducts

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26
Q

A 22-year-old woman runs a 10-kilometer race on a hot day and becomes dehydrated. Assuming that her ADH levels arevery high and that her kidneys are functioning normally, in which part of the renal tubule is the most water reabsorbed?
a. PCT
b. Loop of Henle
c. DCT
d. Cortical collecting tubule
e. Medullary collecting tubule

A

a. PCT

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27
Q

A 26-year-old construction worker is brought to the emergency department with a change in mental status after working a 10-hour shift on a hot summer day (average outside temperature was 97°F [36°C]). The man had been sweating profusely during the day but did not drink fluids. He has a fever of 102°F [39°C], a heart rate of 140 beats/min, and a blood pressure of 100/55 mm Hg in the supine position. Upon examination, he has no perspiration, appears to have dry mucous membranes, and is poorly oriented to person, place, and time. Assuming that his kidneys were normal yesterday, which set of hormone levels describes his condition, compared with normal?
a. High ADH, high renin, low angiotensin II, low aldosterone
b. Low ADH, low renin, low angiotensin II, low aldosterone
c. High ADH, low renin, high angiotensin II, low aldosterone
d. High ADH, high renin, high angiotensin II, high aldosterone.
e. Low ADH, high renin, low angiotensin II, high aldosterone

A

d. High ADH, high renin, high angiotensin II, high aldosterone.

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28
Q

A 55-year-old male patient with hypertension has had his blood pressure reasonably well controlled by administration of a thiazide diuretic. At his last visit (6 months ago), his blood pressure was 130/75 mm Hg and his serum creatinine was 1 mg/100 ml. He has been exercising regularly for the past 2 years but recently has reported knee pain and began taking large amounts of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. When he arrives at your office, his blood pressure is 155/85 mm Hg and his serum creatinine is 2.5 mg/100ml. What best explains his increased serum creatinine level?
a. Increase in efferent arteriole pressure that decrease GFR
b. Increase in afferent arteriole pressure that decrease GFR
c. Increase glomerular capillary coefficient that decrease GFR
d. Increase angiotensin II that decreases GFR
e. Increase in muscle mass due to exercise

A

b. Increase in afferent arteriole pressure that decrease GFR

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29
Q

Under conditions of normal renal functions, which is true about the urea concentration of tubular fluid in the proximal tubule?
a. Higher than the urea concentration of the tubular fluid on the tip of the loop of Henle
b. Higher than the urea concentration in plasma
c. Higher than the urea concentration at the urine of antidiuresis
d. Lower than the plasma urea

A

b. Higher than the urea concentration in plasma

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30
Q

What are the special conditions that causes intracellular swelling, EXCEPT:
a. Decrease nutrition of tissue
b. Abnormal leakage of fluid
c. Hyponatremia
d. Depression of metabolic system of tissues

A

b. Abnormal leakage of fluid

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31
Q

What causes an increase in anion gap?
a. Diabetes mellitus
b. Diarrhea
c. Starvation
d. Chronic Renal Failure

A

a. Diabetes mellitus

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32
Q

All are causes of metabolic alkalosis, EXCEPT?
a. Diabetes mellitus
b. Excess aldosterone
c. Ingestion of alkaline drugs
d. Antidiuretic hormone

A

a. Diabetes mellitus

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33
Q

What is the characteristics of a primary simple respiratory acidosis, EXCEPT:
a. Decrease pH
b. Decrease HCO3 concentration.
c. Increase pCO2
d. Increase H+ concentration

A

b. Decrease HCO3 concentration.

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34
Q

What factor increases H+ secretion and HCO3 reabsorption
a. Hyperkalemia
b. Low aldosterone concentration
c. Increase extracellular fluid volume
d. Increase angiotensin II

A

d. Increase angiotensin II

35
Q

What is the primary buffer of the interstitial fluid
a. Ammonia
b. Hydrogen ion
c. Carbonic anhydrase
d. Carbonic acid

A

d. Carbonic acid

36
Q

What are the factors that shift potassium into cells, EXCEPT?
a. Insulin
b. Aldosterone
c. Strenuous exercise
d. Alkalosis

A

c. Strenuous exercise

37
Q

What is the major mediator of pancreatic hydrogen ion stimulated bicarbonate and water secretion
a. CCK
b. Secretin
c. Ach
d. Gastrin

A

b. Secretin

38
Q

42 year old male; 12 hour severe midepigastric pain; fever, nausea, vomiting, light headedness; low back pain, took NSAIDs; construction worker, 1-2 drinks during weekend; PE: orthostatic hypotension, decreased bowel sound, diffused abdominal tenderness, leukocytosis, increased amylase, mild chole-something sa liver test; CT: cholelithiasis; acute edematous pancreatitis. Cause?
a. Alcohol
b. Gallstone
c. Helminthic infection
d. NSAIDs

A

b. Gallstone

39
Q

The smooth muscle cells within each muscle layer of the small intestine form a syncytium. Their activity is locally coordinated by which of the following?
a. Interstitial cells of Cajal
b. Enteric Nervous System
c. Intrinsic neurons
d. Myenteric plexus
e. Pancreatic lipase is at an acidic pH

A

a. Interstitial cells of Cajal

40
Q

Most common cause of Vitamin B12 malabsorption.
a. Pancreatic insufficiency
b. Bacterial growth
c. Pernicious anemia
d. Ileocecal resection

A

c. Pernicious anemia

41
Q

Where is Bile synthesized?
a. Liver
b. Gallbladder
c. Bile Duct
d. Kidney

A

a. Liver

42
Q

Defective bile acid conjugation can cause which of the following?
a. Fluid overload
b. Ascites
c. Fat soluble vitamin deficiency
d. Vitamin B 12 deficiency

A

c. Fat soluble vitamin deficiency

43
Q

Which of the following is not a component of a bile?
a. Water
b. Lipase
c. Phosphatidylcholine
d. Cholesterol

A

B. Lipase

44
Q

Colonic smooth muscles possess intrinsic, oscillatory act which includes large amplitude and slow waves .it also possess small amplitude and rapid membrane potential oscillation which is called :
a. Giant motor complex
b. Accelerated fast wave
c. Migratory motor complex
d. Myenteric potential oscillation

A

b. Accelerated fast wave

45
Q

The osmolal concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles per liter is called
a. Osmolality
b. Osmolarity
c. Diffusion
d. Osmosis

A

b. Osmolarity

46
Q

A 48-year-old woman consumes a healthy meal. What location are smooth muscle contractions at highest frequency?
a. Stomach
b. Duodenum
c. Jejunum
d. Ileum

A

b. Duodenum

47
Q

Spinal Cord of 60 yr old woman severed at T6. Devises a way to distend the rectum to initiate rectosphincteric reflex. Distension of the rectum causes which if the following?
a. Relaxation of IAS
b. Contraction of EAS
c. Contraction of Rectum
d. A and C

A

D. A and C

48
Q

True about peptic ulcer disease
a. The depth of lining breaks in erosive gastritis is up to submucosal layer
b. Encompasses both the stomach or duodenum ulcer
c. An excoriated area of gastric mucosa caused by the digestive action of gastric juice
d. In many long-standing cases causing almost complete atrophy of the gastric mucosa

A

c. An excoriated area of gastric mucosa caused by the digestive action of gastric juice

49
Q

True about ADH
a. Synthesized in posterior pituitary gland
b. Increase salt and water reabsorption in the collecting tubules and ducts
c. Stimulates thirst
d. Opposite effects on plasma and urine osmolality

A

d. Opposite effects on plasma and urine osmolality

50
Q

Some cells secrete chemicals into the extracellular fluid that acts on the same tissue. What is this type of regulation?
a. Neural
b. Endocrine
c. Neuroendocrine
d. Paracrine

A

d. Paracrine

51
Q

Which of the following pairs is an example of the type of regulation referred in the question above
a. Somatostatin - growth hormone release
b. Somatostatin - insulin release
c. Dopamine - prolactin release
d. Norepinephrine - CRH release

A

b. Somatostatin - insulin release

52
Q

Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones plays a major role in the regulation of a nonendocrine target gland?
a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
b. Thyroid-stimulating hormone
c. Prolactin
d. Follicle-stimulating hormone
e. Luteinizing hormone

A

c. Prolactin

53
Q

What hormone is both synthesized and stored in the pituitary gland
a. GH
b. GHRH
c. ADH
d. Somatostatin

A

d. Somatostatin

54
Q

Which of the following hormones is unbound to plasma proteins
a. Cortisol
b. Thyroxine (T4)
c. ADH
D. Estradiol

A

c. ADH

55
Q

Hormone in adrenal cortex that increase renal sodium reabsorption, potassium secretion and hydrogen ion secretion.
a. ADH
b. Insulin
c. Aldosterone
d. PTH

A

c. Aldosterone

56
Q

If a woman hears her baby cry, she may experience milk ejection from the nipples even before the baby is placed to the breast. What is the explanation for this?
a. The sound of the hungry baby’s cry elicits secretion of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which reaches the breast and causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells.
b. The sound of the hungry baby’s cry causes a reflex relaxation of the myoepithelial cells, allowing the milk to flow.
c. The sound of the hungry baby’s cry elicits a surge of prolactin from the anterior pituitary, which promptly stimulates milk production from the breast.
d. The sound of the hungry baby’s cry elicits sympathetic nervous system discharge that causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells.

A

a. The sound of the hungry baby’s cry elicits secretion of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which reaches the breast and causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells.

57
Q

Suckling action of an infant produces prolactin which stimulates milk production; more suckling produces more prolactin
a. Positive feedback
b. Negative feedback
c. A pathologic action
d. A & B

A

a. Positive feedback

58
Q

Which of the following hormones is not stored in its endocrine producing gland?
a. T4
b. PTH
c. Aldosterone
d. ACTH

A

c. Aldosterone

59
Q

Thyroid hormone effects in human
a. Decreased heat production
b. Increased heart rate
c. Inhibit fat metabolism
d. Narrow pulse pressure

A

b. Increased heart rate

60
Q

Which of the following will you feed a 10-km marathoner to improve his endurance?
a. High CHO diet
b. High CHON, high fat
c. Fruits and vegetables
d. High CHON diet only

A

a. High CHO diet

61
Q

From iodide ions to follicular cells
a. Iodide translocation
b. Iodination
c. Iodine trapping

A

c. Iodine trapping

62
Q

A 23 year female has goiter with exophthalmos, weight loss, tachycardia, fine hand tremor. By incidence which of the following is the most likely etiology of her condition?
a. Iodine deficiency
b. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
c. Graves disease
d. Thyroid adenoma

A

c. Graves disease

63
Q

You requested for a thyroid function test of the (graves disease) above case. What are your expected results?
a. High T4, Low TSH
b. Highly T4, High TSH
c. Low T4, High TSH
d. Low T4, Low TSH

A

a. High T4, Low TSH

64
Q

The regulatory effect of iodide … transiently reduce the thyroid hormone production during iodide …
a. Wolff chaikoff effect
b. Jod basedow effect
c. Sodium iodide transporter activation
d. Pendrin activation

A

a. Wolff chaikoff effect

65
Q

Consistent with hypothyroidism
a. Diarrhea
b. Cold Intolerance
c. Weight Loss
d. Palpitation

A

b. Cold Intolerance

66
Q

True regarding aging, except
a. Measured by chronological age
b. Uniform across the elderly population as to genetics, lifestyle, and overall well being
c. With increased susceptibility to disease and death
d. None of the above

A

b. Uniform across the elderly population as to genetics, lifestyle, and overall well being

67
Q

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) enzyme catalyzes the following steps in thyroid hormone production except:
a. Iodide oxidation
b. Iodination/Organification
c. Conjugation/Coupling
d. Deiodination

A

d. Deiodination

68
Q

Who will have longevity
a. 80 woman with cane walking because of her arthritis
b. 77 male who underwent prostate screening CA, because his brother died with prostate CA
c. 65 male with polypharmacy for chronic disease
d. 88 year old male who underwent successful CABG in the USA

A

a. 80 woman with cane walking bec of her arthritis

69
Q

Most common form of forgetfulness in elderly
a. Alzheimer’s disease
b. Vascular dementia
c. Delirium
d. Alcohol induced dementia

A

a. Alzheimer’s disease

70
Q

Geriatric syndrom/s associated with increased risk of hip fracture
a. Visual impairment
B. Loss of bone mass
c. Muscle atrophy
d. AOTA

A

d. AOTA

71
Q

What causes excess muscle mass of an average male compared to a female?
a. Increased levels of exercise in males
b. Greater glycogen deposition in males
c. Increase estrogen secretion in female
d. Increase testosterone secretion in male

A

d. Increase testosterone secretion in male

72
Q

Which of the following athletes is able to exercise the longest before exhaustion occurs?
a. One on a mixed protein–fat diet
b. One on a mixed carbohydrate–fat diet
c. One on a high-protein diet
d. One on a high-carbohydrate diet
e. One on a high-fat diet

A

d. One on a high-carbohydrate diet

73
Q

A soccer player felt sudden fatigue in a match and fainted. His temperature is 39 degrees and BP is 110/90. What is the most probable condition that the patient is experiencing?
a. Hypokalemia
b. Heat exhaustion
c. Heatstroke

A

c. Heatstroke

74
Q

Renal actions of aldosterone include the ff:
a. Excretion of K+
b. Acidosis
c. Sodium reabsorption
d. A and C
e. All of the above

A

d. A and C

75
Q

Effects of cortisol on carbohydrate metabolism include
a. Increase utilization of amino acid by muscles
b. Decrease the enzyme required to convert amino acid to glucose in the liver
c. Increase glucose utilization by most cells.
d. A and C
e. All of the above

A

d. A and C

76
Q

The rate-limiting step in the formation of the adrenal steroids
a. Cleavage of cholesterol by cholesterol desmolase to form pregnenolone
b. Conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol by the enzyme 11β-hydroxylase
c. Conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone
d. None of the above

A

a. Cleavage of cholesterol by cholesterol desmolase to form pregnenolone

77
Q

This hormone is continuously secreted by the adrenal cortex especially during fetal life:
a. Aldosterone
b. Corticosterone
c. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
d. All of the above

A

c. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

78
Q

Effects of cortisol in the different tissues includes:
a. Decrease fibroblastic proliferation
b. Bone resorption
c. Increase cardiac output
d. A & C
e. All of the above

A

e. All of the above

79
Q

Secreted by chromaffin cells
a. Norepinephrine
b. Vanillylmandelic acid
c. Epinephrine
d. A and C
e. AOTA

A

d. A and C

80
Q

Features of hyperadrenalism include the following, EXCEPT:
a. Increase blood pressure
b. Hirsutism
c. Hyponatremia
d. Hypokalemia
e. NOTA

A

c. Hyponatremia

81
Q

It is an absolute insulin deficiency caused by immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
a. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
b. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
c. Gestational diabetes
d. All of the above

A

a. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

82
Q

Metabolic effects of insulin in target tissue includes the following except:
a. Inhibit protein degradation
b. Increase glycogen synthesis in the liver
c. Decrease gluconeogenesis
d. Promotes glycolysis in adipose tissue
e. None of the above

A

a. Inhibit protein degradation

83
Q

Inhibitors of glucagon secretion
a. Fatty acid
b. Amino acid
c. Insulin
d. A and C
e. AOTA

A

d. A and C

84
Q

Secretion of insulin from the secretory vesicles into the extracellular fluid is through?
a. Endocytosis
b. Exocytosis
c. Facilitated diffusion
D. Active transport
e. Phosphorylation

A

b. Exocytosis

Revalida (11 decks)

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