Agsa Pharma 1st SEM MIDTERMS Flashcards
Which of the following anti-epileptic drugs is/are highly plasma-bound?
A. Valproic acid
B. Perampanel
C. Phenytoin
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
A 56-year-old alcoholic male consumes a six-pack of beer before going to bed. After being absorbed from his gut, blood carries the alcohol through the portal vein into the liver where it can be metabolized. Phase I metabolism of ethanol is carried out by cytochrome P450 2E1. Which of the following is true of phase I metabolism?
A. Always precedes phase II metabolism
B. Are carried out largely in the plasma
C. Examples are oxidation and reduction reactions
D. Includes such reactions as glucuronidation and sulfation
C. Examples are oxidation and reduction reactions
When treating patients with Parkinson’s disease, there are three dopamine agonists: pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine. Regarding the pharmacokinetics of these agents, which of the parameters might suggest favorable clinical efficacy for pramipexole?
A. Hepatic excretion capability
B. Volume of distribution
C. Bioavailability
D. Half-life
C. Bioavailability
A 14-year-old boy who has diabetes and is insulin dependent is brought to the emergency department after collapsing at a baseball game. His blood sugar is 463 mg/dL by finger stick. Which of the following routes of administration would be most efficacious for medications to bring the blood sugar down?
A. Intramuscular
B. Intravenous
C. Oral
D. Subcutaneous
B. Intravenous
Which of the following MAO inhibitors can be displaced by tyramine?
A. Selegiline
B. Isocarboxazid
C. Phenelzine
D. Moclobemide
A. Selegiline
A researcher is studying the bioavailability of commonly used antimuscarinics to treat irritable bowel syndrome. Medication A is administered in a 100 mg daily dose orally and 60 mg of the drug is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract unchanged. Thus, the bioavailability of Medication A is
A. 50%
B. 60%
C. 70%
D. 80%
B. 60%
Which part of the poppy plant is used to produce morphine?
A. Roots
B. Stem
C. Sap of the unripe seed capsule
D. Petals
C. Sap of the unripe seed capsule
Levodopa acts on what type of dopamine receptors?
A. D1
B. D2
C. D3
D. D4
B. D2
Researchers interested in studying a certain cytochrome P450 enzyme wish to isolate the enzyme of interest from the many other proteins in the cells. One of their initial steps is to lyse the cells and isolate the organelle which carries the enzyme they want to study. Which organelle will they isolate to find CYP enzymes?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Mitochondria
C. Peroxisomes
D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A patient with severe bronchial asthma is to undergo radical mastectomy. The anesthesiologist plans to administer balanced anesthesia. Which of the following inhaled anesthetics should be avoided for this patient?
A. Halothane
B. Sevoflurane
C. Nitrous oxide
D. Desflurane
C. Nitrous oxide
Which of the following symptoms is the hallmark of Delirium Tremens?
A. Tremors
B. Diaphoresis
C. Hallucinations
D. Profound global confusion
D. Profound global confusion
Antimicrobial resistance can develop at any one or more of steps in the processes by which a drug reaches and combines with its target. Thus, resistance development may develop due to, EXCEPT:
A. Development of alternative pathways to those inhibited by the antibiotic
B. Release of microbial enzymes that alter or destroy the antibiotic
C. Reduced export of antibiotic by efflux pumps
D. Reduced entry of antibiotic into pathogen
E. Alteration of target proteins
C. Reduced export of antibiotic by efflux pumps
A surgeon complains of tremors, a condition he shares with some of his family members. He fears that this can interfere with his line of work. Which of the following drugs is the first line of treatment for essential tremors?
A. Levodopa-carbidopa
B. Nebivolol
C. Propranolol
D. Botulinum toxin A
C. Propranolol
A 59-year-old man is going to undergo a prostate needle biopsy by his urologist. As a preparation for the procedure, he is required to take a fleet enema per rectum and a one time dose of ciprofloxacin 500 mg prior to the procedure. He has a prior medical history of diabetes mellitus, which is controlled with diet. Administration of the medication results in a peak plasma concentration of 20 mg/mL. What is the apparent volume of drug distribution?
A. 0.5 L
B. 1 L
C. 5 L
D. 25 L
D. 25 L
Which among the following opioids have the strongest affinity to the kappa receptor?
A. Nalbuphine
B. Butorphanol
C. Morphine
D. Fentanyl
B. Butorphanol
What is the half life of phenobarbital?
A. 5 hours
B. 6-8 hours
C. 1-2 days
D. 4-5 days
D. 4-5 days
A case of epilepsy is classified as pharmacoresistant when seizure control is not achieved after using at least how many appropriate anti-epileptic drugs?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
B. 2
Which of the following medications does NOT increase benzodiazepine levels in the blood?
A. Miconazole
B. Verapamil
C. Azithromycin
D. Clarithromycin
C. Azithromycin
Which of the following molecules work through retrograde signaling?
A. Cocaine
B. Curare
C. Opioids
D. Endocannabinoids
D. Endocannabinoids
One of the main adverse effects of this drug is loss of libido and so it is useful for patients who have premature ejaculation. Which among the following is this drug?
A. Amitriptyline
B. Escitalopram
C. Venlafaxine
D. Trazodone
B. Escitalopram
A 30-year-old man with HIV disease and hepatic insufficiency presents to his primary care physician complaining of rectal pain and bleeding with bowel movements. Physical examination reveals several internal and external hemorrhoids. The patient would like to avoid surgical therapy for this condition. Which of the following routes of drug administration would be preferred in this patient?
A. Intramuscular
B. Intravenous
C. Rectal
D. Enteral
C. Rectal
A drug that binds to a receptor and produces a biological response that mimics the response to the endogenous ligand is known as
A. Agonist
B. Antagonist
C. Partial agonist
D. Partial antagonist
A. Agonist
What is the common cause of death from methanol poisoning?
A. Brain herniation
B. Massive GI bleeding
C. Sudden respiratory arrest
D. Chronic kidney failure
C. Sudden respiratory arrest
A 25-year-old man takes a 100 mg dose of medication X. This drug is taken orally and becomes biotransformed by metabolism in the liver and secondary metabolism in the kidneys. This defines which of the following processes?
A. Absorption
B. Catabolism
C. Distribution
D. Elimination
E. Metabolism
E. Metabolism
What is given to patients admitted for alcohol intoxication / chronic alcohol consumption to prevent Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?
A. Intravenous High dose vitamin C
B. Intravenous vitamin D
C. Intravenous Vitamin B complex
D. Diazepam tablets
C. Intravenous Vitamin B complex
You are the physician on duty when a couple brings in their child in the ER for seizures. Upon further history taking, you discovered that the patient was diagnosed with phenylketonuria during newborn screening. Which of the following anti-epileptic drugs should you avoid giving this child?
A. Zonisamide
B. Clonazepam
C. Lacosamide
D. Oxcarbazepine
C. Lacosamide
A hospitalized patient with systemic infection is receiving intravenous antibiotics. He also has hepatic and renal insufficiency. After receiving medications for 5 days, he is found by nursing staff to be jaundiced. Drug toxicology profile is obtained and indicated drug levels of 10 times the acceptable value. Which of the following drug administration schemes is most likely to explain this situation?
A. Continuous IV infusion
B. Once weekly IV injection
C. Single daily IV injection
D. Twice daily IV injection
D. Twice daily IV injection
A 20-year-old boy who has diabetes and is insulin dependent is brought to the emergency department after collapsing at a soccer game. His blood sugar is 501 mg/dL by finger stick. Which of the following routes of administration would be most efficacious for medications to bring the blood sugar down?
A. Intramuscular
B. Subcutaneous
C. Intravenous
D. Sublingual
C. Intravenous
Which of the following medications undergo fast elimination?
A. Succinylcholine
B. Tubocurarine
C. Rocuronium
D. Atracurium
A. Succinylcholine
Your cousin has recently given birth via Cesarean section. It was her first operation and knowing that you are a medical student, she tells you that she was given intravenous anesthesia after her epidural anesthesia. She was still able to respond to the anesthesiologist when she was asked questions but the drug made her a bit drowsy. What approach to anesthesia was employed when she was given the intravenous drug?
A. Balanced anesthesia
B. Deep sedation
C. Conscious sedation
D. Monitored anesthesia
C. Conscious sedation
A 24-year-old primigravid female’s water breaks at 39 weeks gestation. Twenty-four hours later, she is having regular contractions 3 min apart. Her labor lasts 8 h. At the hospital, she gives birth to a baby boy, who initially appeared healthy. Within the next 12 h, the baby boy begins to have temperature fluctuations, difficulty breathing, and reduced movements. You suspect neonatal sepsis, so IV gentamicin plus ampicillin is started. Gentamicin and ampicillin are commonly used together because the combined effect is greater than the additive effects of both alone. This increased effectiveness is an example of what principle?
A. Agonism
B. Anergy
C. Symbiosis
D. Synergy
D. Synergy
A 47-year-old man with AIDS is hospitalized for a fever of unknown origin. He is placed in a combination of antibiotics including a B-lactam and an aminoglycoside. The rationale behind the use of multiple antibiotics includes which of the following?
A. Hepatotoxicity
B. Nephrotoxicity
C. Synergism
D. Toxicity
C. Synergism
After debridement of the extensive wound in his right thigh, the patient complains of urinary retention and numbness in his perineal region. The anesthesiologist attributes this to the high doses of anesthetics given during continuous spinal anesthesia. What is this condition?
A. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
B. Transient Neurologic Symptoms (TNS)
C. Cauda Equina Syndrome
D. Conus Medullaris Syndrome
C. Cauda Equina Syndrome
Which of the following scenarios necessitate giving muscle relaxants?
A. Intra abdominal and intrathoracic surgical procedures.
B. Intractable status epilepticus
C. Endotracheal intubation
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The lowest concentration of the agent that prevents visible growth after 18–24 h of incubation is known as
A. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)
B. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
C. Minimum effective concentration (MEC)
D. none of the above
B. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
A patient diagnosed with schizophrenia manifested with Parkinsonism. Which of the following drugs could induce these symptoms?
A. Clozapine
B. Fluoxetine
C. Escitalopram
D. Haloperidol
D. Haloperidol
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Levodopa cannot cross the blood-brain barrier
B. Dopamine is degraded by COMT
C. Levodopa should be taken before meals to improve absorption
D. A and B only
D. A and B only