Tagnawa and Sirmata BSWR (Microbiology-Parasitology) Flashcards
The steps leading to the synthesis of peptidoglycan occur in the cytoplasm, on the cytoplasmic membrane, and extracellularly. Which antibiotic inhibits an extracellular step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis?
A. Cycloserine
B. Rifampin
C. Penicillin
D. Bacitracin
C. Penicillin
The ability to use compounds and ions other than oxygen as terminal oxidants in respiration is a widespread microbial trait. This capacity is called
A. Photosynthesis
B. Fermentation
C. Anaerobic respiration
D. Nitrogen fixation
C. Anaerobic respiration
The mechanism of the gram stain is based on differences in the cell wall structure of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and how each reacts to various reagents. The dyes crystal violet and safranin combine with the cell’s:
A. Cytoplasmic membrane
B. Peptidoglycan
C. Proteins
D. Lipopolysaccharides
B. Peptidoglycan
Obligate anaerobes refer to organisms that
A. Specifically require oxygen as the hydrogen acceptor
B. Can live with or without oxygen
C. Require small amount of oxygen
D. Require a substance other than oxygen as hydrogen acceptor and are sensitive to oxygen inhibition
D. Require a substance other than oxygen as hydrogen acceptor and are sensitive to oxygen inhibition
A sexually active woman came to you for consultation due to foul smelling vaginal discharge. You suspect that this patient has gonococcal infection. To confirm your impression, you intended to do culture of the vaginal discharge. What culture medium will you use?
A. Blood agar
B. Thayer Martin
C.Mac-Conkey agar
D.Chocolate agar
B. Thayer Martin
A 28-year old female, 16 weeks pregnant, who just arrived from Brazil, came in for consult due to trash, arthralgia, conjunctivitis, and fever. She worries about what will happen to her baby. You tell her that:
A. Transplacental transmission does not happen in this disease
B. Drug of choice is Ribavirin but is contraindicated in pregnancy
C. It can infect fetal neuronal tissue leading to microcephaly and neurologic abnormalities
D. There is no screening test available for pregnant women potentially exposed to this infection
C. It can infect fetal neuronal tissue leading to microcephaly and neurologic abnormalities
- the case is Zika Virus
A 12-year old boy from Manila, was admitted due to fever, rash, headache, eye pain, muscle and joint pains for 6 days. The fever subsided on the third day but rose again on the 5th day. His parents mentioned it is his 2nd time to be admitted due to the same symptoms. The first episode occurred last year 2 weeks after a typhoon. What is your impression?
A. Japanese
B. Encephalitis
C. Dengue Fever
B. Zika virus Infection
D. Lassa Fever
C. Dengue Fever
Component of the lipopolysaccharide that is responsible for the symptoms associated with infections such as fever, dilation of blood vessels, shock, and blood clotting:
A. Porin
B. Endotoxin
C. Lipid A
D. Core polysaccharide
C. Lipid A
Period of equilibrium in microbial growth in which new cell numbers are balanced by the death of the cells.
A. Lag Phase
B. Log Phase
C. Stationary Phase
D. Death Phase
C. Stationary Phase
A 25 year old male, medical student goes to the emergency room because of fever, anorexia, nausea for 3 days. He appears jaundiced, with palpable liver and right upper quadrant tenderness. He received Hepatitis B vaccine prior to medical school entrance. You requested for hepatitis serologic tests and came out as follows: anti-HAV IgM (+), anti-HAV IgG (-), HBsAg (-), Anti-HBs (+), antiHBc (-), antiHCV (-). How will you interpret the result?
A. He has Acute Hepatitis A, has vaccine-induced immunity against Hepatitis B, has not been infected with Hepatitis C
B. He has Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C coinfections
C. He has been infected with Hepatitis A and Hepatitis C in the past, and has Hepatitis B now
D. The result is inconclusive
A. He has Acute Hepatitis A, has vaccine-induced immunity against Hepatitis B, has not been infected with Hepatitis C
Which of the following serologic patterns is suggestive of a patient with chronic hepatitis B with high level of viral replication and greater infectivity to intimate contacts?
A. HBsAg (+), anti-HBs (-), anti-HBc (+), HBeAg (+), HBV DNA (+)
B. HBsAg (-), anti-HBs (-), anti-HBc (+), HBeAg (+), HBV DNA (+)
C. HBsAg (+), anti-HBs (-), anti HBc (-), HBeAg (-), HBV DNA (+)
D. HBsAg (+), anti-HBs (+), anti-HBc (+), HBeAg (+), HBV DNA (+)
A. HBsAg (+), anti-HBs (-), anti-HBc (+), HBeAg (+), HBV DNA (+)
A pregnant woman was reactive for HBsAg. An HBV DNA requested was high, more than 200 000 IU/ml. The patient worries about what will happen to her baby. What will you tell the patient?
A. There is a low risk of maternal-to-child transmission
B. Treatment is contraindicated in pregnant patients
C. The pregnant patient should be initiated with antiviral treatment on 28-32 weeks AOG to minimize the chance of newborn infection
D. The baby already acquired lifelong immunity
C. The pregnant patient should be initiated with antiviral treatment on 28-32 weeks AOG to minimize the chance of newborn infection
A surgical instrument was contaminated by a spore forming bacteria. Which of the following biocides can be used to sterilize the object?
A. Ionizing radiation
B. UV
C. Ethanol 40%
D. Triclosan
A. Ionizing radiation
Mac Conkey agar is a differential culture medium that contains a specific substrate and neutral red as an indicator. This agar is used to differentiate
A. Lactose fermenters from non-lactose fermenters
B. Glucose fermenters from sucrose fermenters
C. Sucrose fermenters from non-sucrose fermenters
D. Halophiles from non-halophiles
A. Lactose fermenters from non-lactose fermenters
Test that detect virus or antigen on infected cell, except?
A. ELISA
B. Radioimmunoassay
C. Electrophoresis
D. Latex agglutination
C. Electrophoresis
Test that confirms seroconversion or/and infection with HIV.
A. Western Blot
B. Southern Blot
C. Northern Blot
D. All of the above
A. Western Blot
Heterophile antibody is seen in
A. CMV
B. EBV
C. Varicella
D. Herpes
B. EBV
Koplik spot :
A. Measles
B. German Measles
C. HerpesVirus
D. Varicella Zoster
A. Measles
A widened mediastinum is a sign of:
a. Consolidated pneumonia
b. Inhalation anthrax
c. Heart attack
d. Food poisoning
b. Inhalation anthrax
Results in worldwide epidemics contributing to emergence epidemics.
A. Dengue
B. Hepatitis B
C. HIV
D. Influenza
D. Influenza
A 60-year-old male came to your clinic presenting with a raised itchy bump on the skin of his hand resembling an insect bite that quickly developed into a painless sore with a black center. Axillary lymph nodes on the same side of the lesion are enlarged as well. What is the most likely causative agent involved?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Streptococcus epidermidis
C. Clostridium perfringens
D. Bacillus anthracis
D. Bacillus anthracis
These viruses establish a state of latent infection in which few if any of viral gene is expressed, except;
A. Varicella
B. EBV
C. HerpesVirus
D. Poliovirus
D. Poliovirus
Third step in viral replication
A. Biosynthesis
B. Attachment
C. Assembly
D. Maturation
A. Biosynthesis
Owl’s eye appearance is seen in
A. HPV
B. VZV
C. CMV
D. EBV
C. CMV
A man came into your clinic due to fever and swelling of his left leg after he got into a vehicular accident a few days ago. On physical examination, the left leg is swollen, erythematous and warm to touch with a foul smelling discharge and crepitations around the wound. Gram stain of wound discharge showed large gram positive rods with spores. What is the most probable causative agent involved?
A. Staphylococcus aureus
B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
C. Clostridium perfringens
D. Streptococcus pneumoniae
E. Bacillus anthracis
C. Clostridium perfringens
The following statements is/are true about viruses:
A. They all consist of nucleic acid, proteins, and lipids
B. They are completely dependent on cells they infect for their survival and replication
C. They are classified according to the presence of single or double-stranded proteins
D. AOTA
B. They are completely dependent on cells they infect for their survival and replication.
The physical separation of the viral nucleic acid from the outer structural components of the virion:
A. Attachment
B. Penetration
C. Uncoating
D. Release
C. Uncoating
A 50 year old man, a construction worker, was admitted to the emergency room for fever and leg pain. He injured his leg on the construction site 5 days before admission which he immediately washed with soap and water. Three days before admission, his wife noticed that he started to have fever (38.5-39.4 deg C), body aches and chills and his wound started to develop a black discoloration rapidly. Upon physical examination, he is hypotensive, febrile. With edema and pain with even light touch. What is the likely etiologic agent?
A. Cutaneous Anthrax
B. Necrotizing fasciitis
C. Wound botulism
D. Tetanus
B. Necrotizing fasciitis
A 40-year-old woman has a history of chronic inflammation of the small joints of the hands bilaterally. You suspect rheumatoid arthritis. Which one of the following statements is the MOST accurate regarding the pathogenesis of this disease?
A. It is caused by antibodies against human IgG-forming immune complexes within the joints.
B. It is caused by sensitized CD4-positive T-lymphocytes and macrophages invading the joints.
C. It is caused by super antigens inducing the release of large amounts of lymphokines from helper T cells within the joints.
D. It is caused by the release of mediators from mast cells when environmental agents cross-link adjacent IgEs within the joints.
B. It is caused by sensitized CD4-positive T-lymphocytes and macrophages invading the joints.
Ova and Parasite (O&P) are usually seen under the microscope in:
A. Concentration techniques
B. Wet Mount
C. Giemsa stain
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
This is the typical pattern of Giardia trophozoites on microscopy:
A. “falling leaf”
B. “crystal-shaped”
C. “figure z”
D. A and C
A. “falling leaf”
This is a common infection among younger children, and diagnosed based on the recovery of thickshelled, football shaped eggs with one slightly flattened side:
A. Amoeba
B. Schistosoma
C. Enterobius
D. Hookworm
C. Enterobius
This process is described as the process of inoculating the host with an infective agent.
A. Exposure
B. Infection
C. Life cycle
D. Incubation period
B. Infection
Furuncle-like lesion associated with induration, central edema and regional lymphadenopathy seen in leishmaniasis:
A. Kerandel’s sign
B. Chagoma
C. Trypanids
D. Oriental button
B. Chagoma
This is the process of living together of two different species of organisms.
A. Mutualism
B. Parasitism
C. Commensalism
D. Symbiosis
D. Symbiosis
Which of this virus inhibits translation of of 5’ translation of MRNA
A. Herpes virus
B. Polio virus
C. Retrovirus
D. Papilloma virus
B. Polio virus
Type of viral infection that does not cause clinical symptoms during the incubation period:
A. Acute
B. Persistent
C. Slow
D. Inapparent
C. Slow
You have a 5-year-old male patient presenting with a maculopapular rash. You entertain a possible measles infection. You wanted to request for a viral culture. Which specimen is appropriate?
A. Urine
B. Throat swab
C. Rectal swab
D. Scraping of macular rashes
A. Urine
Syncytial formation is seen in the following viral infection, EXCEPT
A. Herpes simplex virus
B. Varicella zoster virus
C. Paramyxovirus
D. Papillomavirus
D. Papillomavirus
Staining material of gram positive bacterium is _.
A. Fast green
B. Haematoxylin
C. Crystal violet
D. Safranin
C. Crystal violet
The differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria is shown to reside in the ___.
A. Cell Wall
B. Nucleus
C. Cell membrane
D. Mesosomes
A. Cell Wall
The method in which the cells are frozen dehydrated is called __.
A. Pasteurization
B. Desiccation
C. Disinfection
D. Lyophilization
D. Lyophilization
Which is the largest protozoan parasite to cause human disease?
A. Giardia lamblia
B. Balantidium coli
C. Entamoeba histolytica
D. Strongyloides stercoralis
B. Balantidium coli
What is the infective form of Strongyloides stercoralis?
A. Rhabditiform
B. Filariform
C. Cysts
D. Adult
B. Filariform
Which of the following agents is used to treat malaria in pregnancy?
A. Mebendazole
B. Praziquantel
C. Chloroquine
D. Quinidine
C. Chloroquine
The following statements are true about the cytoplasmic membrane:
A. It is a typical “unit membrane” composed of phospholipids
B. It forms a hydrophobic barrier impermeable to most hydrophilic molecules
C. It houses the bacterial electron transport chain
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
How is COVID-19 primarily transmitted?
A. Through contact with an infected person’s droplets when they cough and sneeze, speak, sing, or breathe.
B. Eye contact between infected people.
C. Touching surfaces contaminated with virus particles.
D. All of the above
A. Through contact with an infected person’s droplets when they cough and sneeze, speak, sing, or breathe.
What type of influenza that undergoes antigenic shift?
A. Type A
B. Type B
C. Type C
D. A and B are correct
A. Type A
What is the structure of influenza that attaches to the host cell and genetic variation occurs?
A. Nucleic acid
B. Envelope
C. RNA protein
D. HA
D. HA
In the innate immune response, interferon is one of the body’s first responders. Which of these inhibit peptide chain elongation?
A. Phosphodiesterase
B. 2,5 alpha synthetase
C. Nitric oxide synthetase
D. PKR
A. Phosphodiesterase
A 55-year-old homeless man with alcoholism presents with severe multilobar pneumonia. He requires intubation and mechanical ventilation. A Gram-stain of his sputum reveals numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes and Gram-negative rods that appear to have a capsule. The organism is a lactose fermenter on MacConkey agar and is very mucoid. It is nonmotile and lysine decarboxylase positive. What is the most likely organism causing this man’s illness?
A. Klebsiella pneumoniae
B. Serratia marcescens
C. Enterobacter aerogenes
D. Proteus mirabilis
E. Streptococcus pneumoniae
A. Klebsiella pneumoniae
A 56 y/o male patient with a known case of cystic fibrosis presented with increased coughing, shortness of breath, increased mucus production, loss of appetite, malaise, and fever. Sputum gram stain revealed gram-negative rods in singles, pairs, and short chains. What organism is the most probable cause of the patient’s manifestation?
A. Escherichia coli
B. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
C. Proteus mirabilis
D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Endospores can be stained with
A. Safranin
B. Crystal violet
C. Methylene blue
D. Malachite green
D. Malachite green
What staining technique is used to stain the metachromatic granules of Corynebacterium?
A. Giemsa stain
B. Albert’s stain
C. Acid fast staining
D. All of the above
B. Albert’s stain
Diagnosis of Vibrio cholerae is made by culturing stool on selective medium such as TCBS or alkaline peptone broth. Treatment involves rehydration and what antibiotic?
A. Aminoglycosides
B. Tetracycline
C. Azithromycin
D. 4th generation cephalosporins
C. Azithromycin
Gram-stained smears of stool may show the typical “gull wing”~shaped rods. Dark-field or phase contrast microscopy may show the typical darting motility of the organisms
A. Vibrio cholerae
B. Helicobacter pylori
C. Campylobacter jejuni
D. Vibrio parahaemolyticus
C. Campylobacter jejuni
Routine stains demonstrate gastritis, and Giemsa or special silver stains can show the curved or spiral-shaped organisms
A. Vibrio cholera
B. Campylobacter jejuni
C. Helicobacter pylori
D. Vibrio Parahaemolyticus
C. Helicobacter pylori
The most common herpetic infection of childhood is?
A. Acute herpetic vulvovaginitis
B. Traumatic herpes
C. Acute herpetic pharyngo esophagitis
D. Acute herpetic gingivostomatitis
C. Acute herpetic pharyngo esophagitis
Which one of the following statements concerning viral encephalitis and meningitis is correct?
A. The spinal fluid protein is usually decreased in viral meningitis
B. Herpes simplex 1 and 2 is the leading cause of viral meningitis
C. The diagnosis of viral meningitis can be made by using an India ink stain
D. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is an important cause of viral encephalitis
D. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is an important cause of viral encephalitis
The following tests are used for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori:
A. Nucleic acid amplification tests (PCR)
B. Detection of H. pylori antigen on urine specimens
C. Histopathological examination of gastric biopsy specimens
D. Clinical manifestations
C. Histopathological examination of gastric biopsy specimens
Intimate contacts of patients with suspected plague pneumonia should receive which of the following agents as chemoprophylaxis?
A. Gentamycin
B. Doxycycline
C. Penicillin
D. Rifampin
B. Doxycycline
You are the pathologist on duty when you were asked to read a specimen grown on sheep blood agar. Upon reviewing the case, the sample studied is cerebrospinal fluid from a 3 year old child who presented with fever, seizures and decrease in sensorium. The specimen showed small coccobacilli that did not show breakdown of red blood cells. They grew around colonies of staphylococci. What is this growth pattern called?
A. Hemolysis
B. Satellite phenomenon
C. Synergism
D. Swarming
B. Satellite phenomenon
A 2-year old boy was brought to the emergency department due to throat pain associated with drooling, fever and an inspiratory stridor. Lateral xray of the neck shows the characteristic “thumb sign”. This disease is caused by this small, encapsulated gram-negative, pleomorphic bacteria which sometimes occurs in pairs or chains. What is the most likely causative agent?
A. Streptococcus pyogenes
B. Streptococcus pneumoniae
C. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
D. Haemophilus influenzae type B
E. Epstein Barr virus
D. Haemophilus influenzae type B
RD, a 26-year old businessman is seen at a private clinic for evaluation of multiple genital ulcers that he noted developing over the past week. They initially started as pustules which are now ulcers. The ulcers are extremely tender and occasionally bleed. On physical examination, there are multiple bilateral deep ulcers with purulent bases that bleed easily; tender but soft on palpation. Which of the following organisms are likely to be found on culture of the lesions?
A. Haemophilus ducreyi
B. Treponema pallidum
C. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
D. Trichomonas vaginalis
A. Haemophilus ducreyi
A 10-year old mountain girl was noted to have occasional cough and sneezing 3 days prior to consultation. The cough later on was noted to be explosive character with a “whoop” upon inhalation. She was brought to the rural health unit. The appropriate culture medium for the nasopharyngeal swab collected would be:
A. Regan-Lowe medium
B. Chocolate agar
C. Blood agar medium
D. None of the above
A. Regan-Lowe medium
Which virulence factor of B. pertussis causes histamine secretion?
A. Adenylate cyclase toxin
B. Pertussis toxin
C. Dermonecrotic toxin
D. Fimbriae
E. Tracheal cytotoxin
B. Pertussis toxin
A 20-year old college student living in the university dormitory develops severe headache, neck stiffness and fever. He was brought to the hospital when his dormmates cannot wake him up. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed Gram-negative diplococci. A latex particle agglutination test confirms the etiological cause of the bacterial meningitis. Which is the most likely causative agent?
A. Haemophilus influenzae
B. Escherichia coli
C. Neisseria meningitidis
D. Listeria monocytogenes
E. Streptococcus pneumoniae
C. Neisseria meningitidis
These organisms are members of the normal microbiota of the skin, oral cavity, large intestine, conjunctiva, and external ear canal. On Gram stain, they are highly pleomorphic, showing curved, clubbed, or pointed ends; long forms with beaded uneven staining; and occasionally coccoid or spherical forms
A. Propionibacterium acne
B. Actinomyces
C. Porphyromonas sp.
D. Prevoteiia sp.
A. Propionibacterium acne
Which drug interfere with the premature termination of viral chain in SARS-COV2
A. Amantadine
B. Rimantadine
C. Ritonavir
D. Remdesivir
D. Remdesivir
A 32-year-old female was diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease. The organism was found out to be bile-resistant, non~spore-forming, slender gram-negative rods that may appear as coccobacilli, This is most likely:
A. Klebsiella pneumoniae
B. Escherichia coli
C. Bacteroides fragilis
D. Fusobacterium necroporum
C. Bacteroides fragilis
A common complication of gonorrhea in females is infertility due to complications of pelvic inflammatory disease. This is attributed to what virulence factor?
A. Rmp
B. Pili
C. Lipooligosaccharide
D. Fbp
E. Opa
C. Lipooligosaccharide
A §-year-old male is seen by a primary care physician. The boy appears to have an infection of the hair and scalp. The physician suspects a dermatophyte and removes infected hairs by plucking them with forceps. Which of the following is true regarding the direct examination of the hair?
A. Use the basal portion of the hair or hair stubs for the examination.
B. Use 12% KOH and then add a drop of Methylene blue before placing the cover slip.
C. Use of black light is not important.
D. A and C only
E. All of the above
A. Use the basal portion of the hair or hair stubs for the examination.
B. Use 12% KOH and then add a drop of Methylene blue before placing the cover slip.
A bacterial structure involved in adherence is:
A. Capsule
B. Lipopolysaccharide
C. Pili
D. Teichoic acid
C. Pili
16-year old female complains of fever, joint pains involving the knees, elbows and fingers. She had a mild sore throat 3 weeks ago which resolved without medication. On physical examination, she has heart murmurs. She probably has:
A. Acute glomerulonephritis
B. Congestive heart failure
C. Rheumatic fever
D. Rheumatoid arthritis
C. Rheumatic fever
A 27 year old male was brought to the hospital because of facial muscle spasm and has been unable to eat for 3 days. History revealed that the young man had been searching for scrap metal in a junkyard and accidentally stepped on a jagged piece of metal projecting from the soil. The symptoms experienced by the young man are consistent with the presumptive diagnosis of?
A. Gangrene
B. Carbuncle
C. Botulism
D. Tetanus
D. Tetanus