T3M3&4 Review Flashcards
Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic genes are not
clustered into operons
How are eukaryotic genes regulated?
each gene is regulated by its own promoter and regulatory regions
all trans-acting factors have in common
a lot of alpha helices, rich protein structures
Where are regulatory regions in eukaryotes?
often quite far away from core promoter region
Transcriptional repressors
halt transcription
Transcriptional regulators determine
cell types (certain genes are activated, certain are kept off)
All cells have the same
DNA blueprint
In situ hybridization mostly used in
small organisms, see-through, put under a microscope, tissue sample
Cancerous cell
not foreign to body, inappropriate regulation of gene expression
Preparing fluorescently labelled cDNA
- Isolate mRNA
- reverse transcribe to single stranded cDNA with fluorescent nucleotides (use different colours that can mix together)
Microarray chip
as small as a glass slide and contain multiple wells
- each well represents a gene of interest
How does microarray chip measure gene expression?
each well is pre-seeded with a single stranded DNA that is anchored to the bottom of the well, each is unique to the gene of interest
- combine equal amounts
- apply mixture to chip
- wash then measure fluorescence
Green microarray
more expressed in normal epithelial cells eg kills cells when they malfunction apoptosis
Red microarray
more expressed in breast carcinoma cells eg helps cancer cells move
Yellow microarray
gene equally expressed in both cell types, maybe housekeeping eg a gene that codes for ribosomes