T3M3&4 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic genes are not

A

clustered into operons

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2
Q

How are eukaryotic genes regulated?

A

each gene is regulated by its own promoter and regulatory regions

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3
Q

all trans-acting factors have in common

A

a lot of alpha helices, rich protein structures

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4
Q

Where are regulatory regions in eukaryotes?

A

often quite far away from core promoter region

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5
Q

Transcriptional repressors

A

halt transcription

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6
Q

Transcriptional regulators determine

A

cell types (certain genes are activated, certain are kept off)

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7
Q

All cells have the same

A

DNA blueprint

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8
Q

In situ hybridization mostly used in

A

small organisms, see-through, put under a microscope, tissue sample

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9
Q

Cancerous cell

A

not foreign to body, inappropriate regulation of gene expression

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10
Q

Preparing fluorescently labelled cDNA

A
  1. Isolate mRNA
  2. reverse transcribe to single stranded cDNA with fluorescent nucleotides (use different colours that can mix together)
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11
Q

Microarray chip

A

as small as a glass slide and contain multiple wells
- each well represents a gene of interest

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12
Q

How does microarray chip measure gene expression?

A

each well is pre-seeded with a single stranded DNA that is anchored to the bottom of the well, each is unique to the gene of interest
- combine equal amounts
- apply mixture to chip
- wash then measure fluorescence

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13
Q

Green microarray

A

more expressed in normal epithelial cells eg kills cells when they malfunction apoptosis

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14
Q

Red microarray

A

more expressed in breast carcinoma cells eg helps cancer cells move

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15
Q

Yellow microarray

A

gene equally expressed in both cell types, maybe housekeeping eg a gene that codes for ribosomes

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16
Q

White microarray

A

other genes, not expressed, eg helps cells become bone

17
Q

Epigenetic regulating eukaryotic gene expression

A

not DNA sequence, changing how it is expressed by chemical modifications along genome

18
Q

Epigenetic regulating eukaryotic gene expression examples

A
  1. Histone modification
  2. DNA methylation
19
Q

Histone modification

A

regulating amt mRNA transcribed

20
Q

DNA methylation

A

regulating the amount of mRNA that is transcribed

21
Q

mRNA stability

A

Regulating the amount of mRNA that is translated into proteins

22
Q

Protein stability

A

Regulating the amount of mRNA that is translated into proteins

23
Q

Regulating eukaryotic gene expression (4)

A
  1. Histone modification
  2. DNA methylation
  3. mRNA stability
  4. Protein stability
24
Q

Histone modifications

A
  1. Positively charged tails of nucleosomal histone proteins probably interact with negatively charged phosphates of DNA.
  2. Acetylation of the tails weakens their interaction
    with DNA and may permit some transcription factors
    to bind to DNA
25
Q

Methylation and acetylation of histone proteins

A

chemical modification of specific lysine amino acids in the tails of histones protruding from nucleosomes affect transcription

26
Q

Methylation near the promoter of a gene

A

undermethylation on the cGP island allows transcription, heavy inhibits, in many organisms some cytosine bases in DNA are changed into 5 methyl cytosines

27
Q

Heavily methylated promoters also recruit histone deacetylase because

A

is able to deacetylate or remove acetyl groups from the
histone proteins tails, inhibiting gene expression at the
transcriptional level

28
Q

Protein degradation

A
  • proteasomes degrade unneeded or damaged proteins
  • proteins are removed by marking them for enzymatic degradation, ubiquitins tags (don’t get threaded)