T1M4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is DNA in prokaryotic cells?

A

the majority of DNA is contained in the nucleoid

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2
Q

Plasmids

A

small circular DNA molecules, carry one or two genes (EG antibiotic resistance), replicate independently of the core genome/transfer

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

organization of a double-stranded DNA molecule in its association with proteins and RNAs

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4
Q

Shape and size of chromosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

eukaryotic cells have large linear chromosomes and prokaryotic cells have smaller circular chromosomes

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5
Q

Supercoiling

A

preserves the double helix structure and
compacts the DNA into a small space.

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6
Q

Who recreated Fred Neufeld 1920’s experiment

A

Frederick Griffith (1928), killed virulent bacteria -
Cells of the benign strain had acquired information, or the ability to be virulent, from the dead cells.

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7
Q

Transformation

A

a change in cell behaviour resulting from the incorporation of hereditary material from outside of the cell.

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8
Q

1944, Oswald Avery and colleagues experimented to determine

A

Which macromolecule in the bacterial cell was holding all that important information that could cause transformation. Which molecule was carrying the hereditary information?

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9
Q

A single nucleotide 3 components

A

a phosphate group, a 5-carbon deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

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10
Q

Chargaffs rule

A

DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine bases

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11
Q

Base pair rule

A

amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine

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12
Q

Pyrimidines

A

C and T - aromatic heterocyclic molecules that
have a single ring

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13
Q

Purines

A

A and G - consist of two rings: a pyrimidine ring
fused to an imidazole ring

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14
Q

two nucleotides are bonded together by a…

A

Phosphodiester bond (condensation reaction releases a water molecule and forms a covalent bond)

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15
Q

Phosphoribose backbone

A

the phosphate group on the 5’ carbon of the deoxyribose forms a bond with the hydroxyl group on the 3’ carbon on the next deoxyribose

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16
Q

Double helix structure (watson and crick)

A

two strands run anti-parallel to each other, with the bases facing inwards to give a diameter of
2.0 nm. The helix has a major groove and a
minor groove, with one turn of the helix occurring every 10 nucleotides.

17
Q

How are RNAs synthesized?

A

transcription of a sequence of DNA using an
enzyme complex called RNA polymerase

18
Q

Types of RNA (4)

A

messenger, ribosomal, transfer, enzymes

19
Q

Nitrogenous bases RNA VS DNA

A

the pyrimidine, uracil, replaces thymine (uracil has a hydrogen where thymine has a methyl group)