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BIOLOGY 1A03 > T3M1 > Flashcards

T3M1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genes are made up of

A

DNA

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2
Q

Genes contain the instructions to make

A

proteins

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3
Q

Genes can vary in size from

A

few hundred DNA nucleotide bases to thousands

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4
Q

Human genome project estimates humans have how many genes?

A

20,000- 25,000 genes that code for proteins (some coding for different versions of the same protein)

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5
Q

Housekeeping genes are constitutively expressed

A

‘ON’ all the time includes: structural proteins, ribosomal
proteins etc.

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6
Q

Regulated genes are expressed

A

only when needed (enzymes)

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7
Q

Fastest way to express a gene

A

post-translational regulation

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8
Q

Slowest way to express a gene

A

transcriptional control regulation

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9
Q

Most efficient way to express a gene

A

transcriptional regulation

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10
Q

Transcriptional Control

A

Ability of RNA polymerase to bind to or transcribe a gene

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11
Q

Translational Control

A

Translation rates, lifetime of RNA

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12
Q

Post-translational Control

A

Post-translational modifications which may change folding and/or activity

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13
Q

What is needed for prokaryotic growth?

A

favourable temperature, nutrient rich environment with amino acids and carbohydrates

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14
Q

The DNA of the bacterial nucleoid contains

A

the information that is required to orchestrate a
response to any change in the environment

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15
Q

Housekeeping genes

A

genes that are required all of the time for normal functions

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16
Q

Regulated genes

A

genes can be turned on and off on an as-needed basis

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17
Q

What type of gene is constitutively
expressed, and always being transcribed and translated?

A

housekeeping genes

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18
Q

Housekeeping gene examples

A

genes that are important for structural proteins of the cell, RNA and DNA polymerases and genes that are coding for ribosomal proteins

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19
Q

Housekeeping genes allow for

A

constant maintenance of general cellular activities

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20
Q

When exposed to a changing environment, bacterial cells can respond by

A

altering the expression pattern of some genes

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21
Q

Regulated bacterial genes can be transcribed and translated to allow for

A

the production of important enzymes
or proteins that are needed to bring about
changes in growth and division

22
Q

Enzymes are required to

A

metabolize nutrients

23
Q

Prefered energy source of E.coli

A

glucose

24
Q

If we grow E. coli cells in an environment that
contains both glucose and the disaccharide
lactose

A

bacteria will still metabolize all the glucose before switching to utilizing lactose as a
fuel source

25
Q

What activates the switch between glucose and lactose use?

A

products of glucose metabolism

26
Q

Lactose is made up of

A

one molecule each of glucose and galactose

27
Q

Enzyme that can metabolize lactose to produce glucose and galactose

A

B-galactosidase

28
Q

B-galactosidase is produced by

A

turning on transcription of the B-galactosidase
gene when there is lactose available and no glucose available

29
Q

In the 1960’s, Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod investigated

A

how E. coli are able to produce the B-galactosidase that is needed for lactose metabolism

30
Q

Jacob and Monod observed that the production of the B-galactosidase enzyme is dependent upon

A

the presence of lactose in the environment

31
Q

Jacob and Monod experiments

A

grew E. coli in a lactose-free medium, added lactose to the medium, and then removed it again. At the same time, they measured the amount of B- galactosidase enzyme produced in the cultured cells

32
Q

Jacob and Monod found from their experiment

A

amount of B-galactosidase protein produced by the E. coli cells began to steadily increase in response to the addition of lactose to the growth media. They also saw that the production of the B-galactosidase ceased once the lactose was removed

33
Q

Jacob and Monod results

A

lactose in the growth medium induced expression of the B-galactosidase gene

34
Q

Further research from Jacob and Monod led to

A

an explanation of the mechanisms that control B-galactosidase gene expression

35
Q

Who won Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 for their work on the regulation of gene expression?

A

Jacob and Monod

36
Q

The term gene expression means

A

functional product of the gene is made,
modified and activated

37
Q

Protein coding genes

A

transcription, translation, and protein modification must be completed

38
Q

Protein coding distinct levels of regulation

A
  • transcriptional control
    to allow for the transcription of DNA to mRNA
  • translational control to allow for the translation of mRNA to proteins
  • post-translational control to allow for modifications and activation of produced proteins
39
Q

The regulation of the expression of an activated protein must take into consideration

A

how each of these levels of control are modified

40
Q

Transcriptional regulation controls

A

the amount of messenger RNA that is produced in the cell

41
Q

Activation of transcription requires

A

proteins bind to a region near the beginning of the gene, the promoter, and increase the binding of the enzyme, RNA polymerase

42
Q

By controlling the binding of proteins to the promoter, the cell can

A

activate or inhibit transcription

43
Q

Initiation of translation in eukaryotes occurs by

A

the binding of the ribosome to the 5’ end or 5’CAP of the mRNA

44
Q

Initiation of translation in prokaryotes

A

the ribosome will bind to and initiate
translation at the specific Shine-Dalgarno
sequences

45
Q

The rate at which translation occurs will affect

A

the amount of protein that is produced

46
Q

The amount of protein produced depends upon

A

the stability of the mRNA (If the mRNA is quickly degraded, then very little protein will be made)

47
Q

What allows the polypeptide chain to be folded into a functional three-dimensional structure?

A

post-translational control mechanisms

48
Q

Post-translational regulation allows the cell to

A

have a stockpile of protein in the cell that is simply inactive

49
Q

In transcriptional regulation, expression of a functional protein requires that

A

the cell activate transcription, complete
translation, and finally modify the protein product

50
Q

Transcriptional regulation is often prevalent with

A

more drastic environmental changes that a cell
can be exposed to

51
Q

Why is transcriptional regulation most efficient?

A

the cell does not waste any energy or resources making a mRNA or polypeptide

BIOLOGY 1A03 (24 decks)

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