Intro Applied Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Animal cells

A

Animal cells have a centrosome and lysosomes, whereas plant cells do not.

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2
Q

Plant cells

A

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, animal cells do not.

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3
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

Uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. Used to obtain high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens.

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4
Q

Fluorescent Microscopy

A

Used to image specific features of small specimens such as microbes/visually enhance 3-D features. Done by attaching fluorescent tags to antibodies that attach to targeted features, or by staining in a less specific manner.

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5
Q

Brightfield Microscopy

A

Sample illumination is transmitted white light, and contrast in the sample is caused by attenuation of the transmitted light in dense areas of the sample (stained specimens).

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6
Q

How many cells make up an adult human?

A

10 trillion

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7
Q

How many bacterial cells do humans host?

A

100 trillion. 10x as many compared to eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

How many species of microbes do humans host?

A

10 000

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9
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Found in upper respiratory tract and skin. Can cause lower respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and gastroenteritis.

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10
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

Found in normal flora of mouth, skin, and intestines. Can cause lung inflammation.

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11
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Able to colonize many different environments. Able to form polysaccharide biofilms. Resistance to most antibiotics.

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12
Q

Escherichia Coli

A

Found in intestines. Can cause bloody diarrhea, stomach cramps, and vomiting.

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13
Q

Practicing and academic surgeon in Denver, Colorado. In 1958, was faced with 4 patients with deadly pseudomembranous colitis.

A

Dr. Ben Eiseman

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14
Q

Dr. Ben Eisemans treatment for his patients

A

Used donor fecal enemas from family members of patients to transplant. All were cured, flora restored. 20 years more before anyone else tried to repeat or even validate his result.

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15
Q

Pseudomembranous colitis

A
  • Inflammation of the colon
  • Can often be caused by uncontrolled growth of
    Clostridium difficile bacterium normally present in colon
  • Cause death of healthy bacteria, colon damage, diarrhea & antibiotic resistance
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16
Q

Clostridium difficile infection

A

Colonization can be asymptomatic, individuals can have an outbreak due to:
* Prolonged antibiotic treatments: antibiotics can kill your good bacteria. Good bacteria normally keep C. difficile numbers low.
* Advanced age/ weakened immune system
* Exposure to other individuals with C. difficile infection

17
Q

How effective is treatment using pill capsules containing frozen donor bacteria

A

96%