Intro Applied Lecture

Question 1

Animal cells

Answer 1

Animal cells have a centrosome and lysosomes, whereas plant cells do not.

Question 2

Plant cells

Answer 2

Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and other specialized plastids, and a large central vacuole, animal cells do not.

Question 3

Electron Microscopy

Answer 3

Uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. Used to obtain high resolution images of biological and non-biological specimens.

Question 4

Fluorescent Microscopy

Answer 4

Used to image specific features of small specimens such as microbes/visually enhance 3-D features. Done by attaching fluorescent tags to antibodies that attach to targeted features, or by staining in a less specific manner.

Question 5

Brightfield Microscopy

Answer 5

Sample illumination is transmitted white light, and contrast in the sample is caused by attenuation of the transmitted light in dense areas of the sample (stained specimens).

Question 6

How many cells make up an adult human?

Answer 6

10 trillion

Question 7

How many bacterial cells do humans host?

Answer 7

100 trillion. 10x as many compared to eukaryotic cells

Question 8

How many species of microbes do humans host?

Answer 8

10 000

Question 9

Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 9

Found in upper respiratory tract and skin. Can cause lower respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and gastroenteritis.

Question 10

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Answer 10

Found in normal flora of mouth, skin, and intestines. Can cause lung inflammation.

Question 11

Pseudomonas

Answer 11

Able to colonize many different environments. Able to form polysaccharide biofilms. Resistance to most antibiotics.

Question 12

Escherichia Coli

Answer 12

Found in intestines. Can cause bloody diarrhea, stomach cramps, and vomiting.

Question 13

Practicing and academic surgeon in Denver, Colorado. In 1958, was faced with 4 patients with deadly pseudomembranous colitis.

Answer 13

Dr. Ben Eiseman

Question 14

Dr. Ben Eisemans treatment for his patients

Answer 14

Used donor fecal enemas from family members of patients to transplant. All were cured, flora restored. 20 years more before anyone else tried to repeat or even validate his result.

Question 15

Pseudomembranous colitis

Answer 15

• Inflammation of the colon
• Can often be caused by uncontrolled growth of
  Clostridium difficile bacterium normally present in colon
• Cause death of healthy bacteria, colon damage, diarrhea & antibiotic resistance

Question 16

Clostridium difficile infection

Answer 16

Colonization can be asymptomatic, individuals can have an outbreak due to:
* Prolonged antibiotic treatments: antibiotics can kill your good bacteria. Good bacteria normally keep C. difficile numbers low.
* Advanced age/ weakened immune system
* Exposure to other individuals with C. difficile infection

Question 17

How effective is treatment using pill capsules containing frozen donor bacteria

Answer 17

96%