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Melissa's Pharm 2 > T3-Antimicrobial Meds: Basic Principles > Flashcards

T3-Antimicrobial Meds: Basic Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Directly lethal to bacteria at clinically achievable concentrations

A

Bactericidal

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2
Q

Slow bacterial growth but do not cause cell death

A

Bacteriostatic

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3
Q

Active against a wide variety of microbes (“Throwing the grenade”)

A

Broad spectrum

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4
Q

Active against a few species of microorganisms (“Sniper rifle”)

A

Narrow spectrum

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5
Q

Educated guess based off evidence (certain characteristics or clues noted to tell the doc. what the culprit may be based on type, location)

A

Empiric therapy

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6
Q

Certain bacteria are either gram+, gram-, or both

A

Gram stain

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7
Q

Color of positive gram stain?

A

Dark purple

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8
Q

Color of negative gram stain?

A

Pink

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9
Q

Infections acquired in the hospital that were not present before

A

Nosocomial infection

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10
Q

Use of antibiotics promotes the emergence of drug resistant microbes; antibiotics create selection pressure favoring growth by killing off sensitive organisms

A

Resistance

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11
Q

A new infection that appears during the course of treatment for a primary infection (bc antibiotic has eliminated the inhibitory influence of normal flora)

A

Superinfection

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12
Q

Chemical that is produced by one microbe and has the ability to harm other microbes

A

Antibiotic

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13
Q

Defined as any agent, natural or synthetic that has the ability to kill or suppress microorganisms

A

Antimicrobial

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14
Q

What is the basic process for starting someone on an antibiotic?

A
  1. Suspected infection
  2. Culture the site (begin empiric therapy)
  3. Gram stain
  4. Identification
  5. Susceptibility (change to definitive therapy)
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15
Q

Before you start an antibiotic, you have to get _____.

A

A specimen!!!

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16
Q

What are the top 3 antibiotics that cause allergic reactions?

A
  1. Penicillin
  2. Sulfanomide
  3. NSAIDs
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17
Q

What are the most notorious for causing an allergic reaction?

A

Penicillins

18
Q

3-5% of the time if you are allergic to PCN, you are allergic to ______ too.

A

Cephalasporins (PCN’s cousin)

*this allergic reaction too is known as cross-reactivity

19
Q

If someone tells you they’ve had a pervious reaction, what do you ask them?

A

ALWAYS CLARIFY. Ask them what the reaction was too and what happened to them during their reaction!

20
Q

What is a situation in which a nurse must temporarily postpone administering an antibiotic?

A

If they have NOT taken the blood culture yet (must do this first ALWAYS), then treat!!!!

21
Q

____ of antibiotic use is for prophylactic treatment.

A

30-50%

22
Q

What are the 4 prophylactic uses of antibiotics?

A

Surgery
Bacterial endocarditis
Neutropenia
Recurrent UTIs

23
Q

Why is a person prophylactically given an antibiotic for surgery? What antibiotic is used a lot in this case? What surgery is this actually considered a “treatment” for?

A
  • To decrease infection
  • Cephalosporin
  • Abdominal surgery
24
Q

Why is a person prophylactically given an antibiotic for bacterial endocarditis?

A

In bacterial endocarditis, the heart VALVES are inflamed, which make great “sponges for bacteria”

  • Congenital or valvular heart disease
  • Prosthetic heart valves
25
Q

What is neutropenia?

A

The presence of few neutrophils in the blood aka not enough cells to adequately fight an infection

26
Q

What are some diseases where neutropenia may be present?

A

HIV, sickle cell (spleen is removed and the spleen helps with infection filtering)

27
Q

If you are experiencing recurrent UTIs, you will take the antibiotic ____ until the UTI recurrences are better under control

A

Daily

28
Q

What are some antibiotic misuses?

A
  1. Viral infections
  2. Treatment for fever of unknown origin
  3. Improper dosage
  4. Treatment in the absence of adequate bacteriologic information
  5. Omission of surgical drainage
29
Q

Why can’t we give an antibiotic for someone with a viral infection?

A

The majority of viral infections (mumps, chickenpox, common cold) do not respond to the available antibiotics. When drug therapy for these patients is indicated, they are exposed to all the risk of the drug but have NO chance of receiving benefits!

30
Q

What are examples of viral infections we can’t give an antibiotic to?

A

Mumps
Chicken pox
Common cold

31
Q

Is fever a sign of infection?

A

Yes

32
Q

Unless the cause of fever is a proven infection, antibiotics ____ be employed.

A

SHOULD NOT

33
Q

What if the fever is not due to an infection and we give an antibiotic?

A

They would expose the patient to unnecessary toxicity and delay correct diagnosis of the fever’s cause

34
Q

T/F: If the fever is caused by the infection, antibiotics could hamper later attempts to identify the infecting organism.

A

True

35
Q

What is the only situation in which fever, by itself, constitutes a legitimate indication for antibiotic use?

A

When fever occurs in the SEVERELY IMMUNOCOMPROMISED host (fever can indicate infection and infection can be lethal in an immunocompromised patient)

36
Q

What happens if we give an antibiotic and the dose is too low?

A

The patient will be exposed to a risk of adverse effects without benefit of antibacterial effects

37
Q

What happens if the dose is too high?

A

There is a risk of superinfection and adverse effects become unnecessarily high

38
Q

Proper antimicrobial therapy requires information on the ___ and drug ____ of the infecting organism!

A

Identity and drug sensitivity

39
Q

Antibiotics may have counted efficacy in the presence of foreign material, necrotic tissue, or exudate. Hence, when appropriate, ____ & _____ should be performed to promote antimicrobial effects.

A

Surgical drainage and cleansing

40
Q

Obtain cultures ____ starting antibiotics.

A

BEFORE

41
Q

What does “match the drug with the bug” mean?

A

Narrow-spectrum is preferred over broad-spectrum

42
Q

When do we need to postpone the antibiotic?

A

If the blood culture hasn’t been preformed!

Melissa's Pharm 2 (32 decks)

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