T2-Complications of Diabetes Concept Map Flashcards
What are the two short-term effects of diabetes?
Hyperglycemia
Hypoglycemia
Short term: Hyperglycemia
What can this lead to?
Ketoacidosis
Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)
What are the 2 long-term effects of diabetes?
Macrovascular damage
Microvascular damage
What are the 3 macrovascular damages?
Heart disease, stroke, hypertension
What are the 6 microvascular damages?
Retinopathy Nephropathy Sensory and motor neuropathy Autonomic neuropathy (gastroparesis) Infection and amputation Erectile dysfunction
What is gastroparesis?
Food sits in stomach too long–can cause acid reflux and N/V
What is the number one cause of blindness in the US?
Diabetes
What are the 4 reasons for amputations because of diabetes?
- Increase glucose (food for bacteria)
- Decrease pain response (don’t know they are infected)
- Suppresses immune system
- Decrease blood flow
More than 90% of deaths with diabetes result form ____ complications
Long-term
Microvascular injury is directly related to the degree and duration of ____
Hyperglycemia
What is retinopathy?
Blindness
Visual looses most commonly damage to the retinal ____
Capillaries
What is retinopathy accelerated by?
Hyperglycemia, hypertension, and smoking
How often should a patient with diabetes get a comprehensive eye exam?
1-2 years
What is nephropathy?
Diabetic damage to the kidneys characterized by proteinuria (reduced GFR, increased BP)
Risk of nephropathy is __ higher in type 1 patients than type 2.
12x
What is sensory and motor neuropathy?
Nerve degeneration
What does a complete foot exam for diabetic patients include?
Looking for sores, infections, and checking sensory responses
Nerve damage is directly related to _____
Sustained HYPERglycemia
What is autonomic neuropathy?
Gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying)
What is the underlying cause to amputations secondary to infection?
Severe infections
Why does severe infections happen in diabetic patients?
- Hyperglycemia= glucose rich environment for bacteria to grow
- Diabetes can suppress immune function, and compromise host defenses against infection
- Diabetic NEUROPATHY can prevent the patient from feeling discomfort and other sensations that would signal a serious infection is developing
Why do diabetic patients get erectile dysfunction?
Combo of blood vessel injury and neuropathy
Macrovascular complications result from a combination of _____ and _____
HYPERglycemia and altered lipid metabolism
