T2-Complications of Diabetes Concept Map

Question 1

What are the two short-term effects of diabetes?

Answer 1

Hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Question 2

Short term: Hyperglycemia

What can this lead to?

Answer 2

Ketoacidosis

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)

Question 3

What are the 2 long-term effects of diabetes?

Answer 3

Macrovascular damage

Microvascular damage

Question 4

What are the 3 macrovascular damages?

Answer 4

Heart disease, stroke, hypertension

Question 5

What are the 6 microvascular damages?

Answer 5

Retinopathy
Nephropathy
Sensory and motor neuropathy
Autonomic neuropathy (gastroparesis)
Infection and amputation
Erectile dysfunction

Question 6

What is gastroparesis?

Answer 6

Food sits in stomach too long–can cause acid reflux and N/V

Question 7

What is the number one cause of blindness in the US?

Answer 7

Diabetes

Question 8

What are the 4 reasons for amputations because of diabetes?

Answer 8

1. Increase glucose (food for bacteria)
2. Decrease pain response (don’t know they are infected)
3. Suppresses immune system
4. Decrease blood flow

Question 9

More than 90% of deaths with diabetes result form ____ complications

Answer 9

Long-term

Question 10

Microvascular injury is directly related to the degree and duration of ____

Answer 10

Hyperglycemia

Question 11

What is retinopathy?

Answer 11

Blindness

Question 12

Visual looses most commonly damage to the retinal ____

Answer 12

Capillaries

Question 13

What is retinopathy accelerated by?

Answer 13

Hyperglycemia, hypertension, and smoking

Question 14

How often should a patient with diabetes get a comprehensive eye exam?

Answer 14

1-2 years

Question 15

What is nephropathy?

Answer 15

Diabetic damage to the kidneys characterized by proteinuria (reduced GFR, increased BP)

Question 16

Risk of nephropathy is __ higher in type 1 patients than type 2.

Answer 16

12x

Question 17

What is sensory and motor neuropathy?

Answer 17

Nerve degeneration

Question 18

What does a complete foot exam for diabetic patients include?

Answer 18

Looking for sores, infections, and checking sensory responses

Question 19

Nerve damage is directly related to _____

Answer 19

Sustained HYPERglycemia

Question 20

What is autonomic neuropathy?

Answer 20

Gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying)

Question 21

What is the underlying cause to amputations secondary to infection?

Answer 21

Severe infections

Question 22

Why does severe infections happen in diabetic patients?

Answer 22

• Hyperglycemia= glucose rich environment for bacteria to grow
• Diabetes can suppress immune function, and compromise host defenses against infection
• Diabetic NEUROPATHY can prevent the patient from feeling discomfort and other sensations that would signal a serious infection is developing

Question 23

Why do diabetic patients get erectile dysfunction?

Answer 23

Combo of blood vessel injury and neuropathy

Question 24

Macrovascular complications result from a combination of _____ and _____

Answer 24

HYPERglycemia and altered lipid metabolism