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IB 131 Midterm 3 > T24 Reproduction > Flashcards

T24 Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

the skin and superficial fascia that surround the testes and epididymus

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2
Q

What is dartos muscle?

A

the layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia responsible for wrinkling the scrotal skin

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3
Q

What is cremaster muscle?

A

bands of skeletal muscle that contract to elevate the testes and relax to lower the testes

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4
Q

What is temperature for proper sperm development and what controls this temperature?

A

controlled by cremaster muscle - 3.1 degrees centigrade cooler than core body temperature

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5
Q

What supplies blood to testes?

A

testicular arteries

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6
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

testicular veins that surround the testicular arteries and absorb heat from these arteries, helping cool the testes

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7
Q

What innervates the testes?

A

the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of ANS, as well as sensory nerves

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8
Q

What is the spermatic cord composed of?

A

portion of ductus deferens, testicular blood vessels (artery & vein pampiniform plexus)

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9
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

a serous sac that contains serous fluid and partially encloses the testes

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the tunica vaginalis?

A

a superficial parietal layer and a deeper visceral layer that surrounds the tunica albuginea

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11
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

a fibrous capsule around the testes that is surrounded by the deeper visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis

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12
Q

What is the tunica albuginea divided into?

A

250-300 wedge shaped lobules that contain seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

What is the sequence of structures that sperm passes through from site of sperm production to urethra?

A

Seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, Rete testes, efferent ductules, epididymis head, epididymis body (ductus), epididymis tail, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra (SEVEN UP short)

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14
Q

What epithelia is in seminiferous tubules?

A

stratified epithelium

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15
Q

What epithelia is in straight tubules?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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16
Q

What epithelia is in Rete testes?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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17
Q

What epithelia is in efferent ductules?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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18
Q

What epithelia is in epididymis?

A

tall columnar pseudo stratified epithelium with stereocilia

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19
Q

What epithelia is in the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

columnar pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia

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20
Q

What are seminiferous tubules separated by?

A

areolar connective tissue

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21
Q

What two cells compose the stratified epithelium of the seminiferous tubules?

A

spermatogenic cells and columnar sustentocyte (Sertoli) cells

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22
Q

What are spermatogenic cells?

A

sperm-forming stem cells (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids) form 400 million sperm per day

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23
Q

What are columnar sustentocyte (Sertoli) cells?

A

support cells that provide nutrients to sperm, secrete androgen-binding protein, and have tight junctions that form the blood-testes border

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24
Q

What are myoid cells?

A

surround seminiferous tubules; contract rhythmically to help squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through the tubules into the epididymis

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25
Where are the interstitial (Leydig) cells located?
in loose connective tissue in between seminiferous tubules
26
What do interstitial (Leydig) cells secrete?
androgens (mainly testosterone)
27
How long is the duct of the epididymis (when uncoiled0?
6 meters
28
Where do sperm mature?
epididymis
29
What is the purpose of stereocilia on pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
to provide a large surface area to reabsorb testicular fluid and transfer nutrients and secretions to the developing sperm
30
What is the purpose of the ductus (vas) deferens?
to facilitate movement of sperm and generate waves during orgasm that rapidly propel sperm through the ductus deferens to the urethra
31
What forms the ejaculatory duct?
the distal end of the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicle gland duct
32
What are the accessory sex glands in males?
seminal vesicle gland, prostate, bulbourethral glands
33
What do accessory sex glands do?
provide seminal plasma that mixes with sperm
34
What are the three parts of the male urethra?
prostatic urethra (prostate), membranous urethra (urogenital diaphram) and spongy urethra (penis)
35
What composes the male perineum?
the scrotum, root of penis & anus
36
What is prepuce?
foreskin which may be removed during circumcision
37
Which erectile bodies engorge with blood to enable to male to have an erection?
corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa
38
What does the corpus spongiosum surround?
spongy urethra
39
Which erectile body makes up most of penis volume?
corpora cavernosa
40
What is an erection?
parasympathetic control that causes blood to engorge the penis
41
What is ejaculation?
sympathetic control that causes smooth muscle to contract throughout reproductive ducts and glands
42
What happens during ejaculation with orgasm?
the bulbospongious skeletal muscle of the penis contracts
43
What are the ligaments and mesenteries that hold the ovaries in place?
the mesovarium of broad ligament, suspensory ligament of ovary, ovarian ligament
44
What is the tunica albuginea of the ovaries?
a fibrous capsule of the ovary covered in simple columnar epithelium
45
What is the ovarian cortex?
contains follicles that house developing oocytes
46
What are granulosa cells?
cells in developing follicles which produce estrogen before ovulation
47
What is a Graafian follicle?
a mature follicle from which ova is released (ovulated)
48
What does the corpus luteum do?
after ovulation, produces progesterone and estrogen during weeks 3& 4 of menstrual cycle
49
What are the three parts of the uterine (fallopian) tubes?
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
50
What is the infundibulum?
distal end of uterine tube surrounded by fimbriae
51
What is the ampulla?
the main part of lateral uterine tube that is usual site of fertilization
52
What is the isthmus?
medial part of uterine tube with narrow diameter and next to uterus
53
What is the fundus of the uterus?
the rounded superior portion of the uterus
54
What are the three parts of the cervix?
cervical canal, internal os, external os
55
What is the cervix of the uterus?
the "neck" of the uterus
56
What does the mesometrium do?
anchors uterus to the lateral pelvic walls
57
What do the round ligaments of the uterus do?
bind uterus to the anterior pelvic wall
58
What do the uterosacral ligaments do?
attached to the anterior sacrum
59
What are the lateral ligmanets of the uterus?
horizontal from cervix and vagina
60
What is the perimetrium of the uterine wall?
outer serous membrane layer
61
What is the myometrium of the uterine wall?
the bulky middle layer of smooth muscle which produces contractions during labor and delivery
62
What is the endometrium of the uterine wall?
inner mucosal lining of uterine chamber with simple columnar epithelium with secretory and ciliated cells
63
Where does implantation of the embryo occur?
in the endometrium
64
What are the two layers of the endometrium?
functional layer and basal layer
65
What is the functional layer of the endometrium?
undergoes cyclic changes during menstrual cycle in response to ovarian hormones and is shed during menstruation and then is regenerated
66
What is the basal layer?
thin layer that is not shed and is responsible for forming a new functional layer after menstruation
67
What are the straight tubular uterine glands?
glands that run through functional layer of endometrium and change in length as endometrium thickens and thins
68
What do uterine arteries branch into?
arcuate arteries
69
What do arcuate arteries branch into?
radial arteries
70
What do radial arteries branch into?
straight arteries to basal layer and spiral arteries to functional layer
71
What are the three coats of the vagina?
aventitia, muscularis, mucosa
72
What tissue is adventitia of vagina made of?
fibrous connective tissue
73
What muscle is muscularis of vagina made of?
smooth muscle
74
What epithelia is mucosa of vagina made of?
stratified squamous epithelium with lamina propria
75
What is the fornix of vagina?
recess formed at superior part of the vagina
76
What is the hymen of the vagina?
the external vagina opening
77
What is a female erection?
parasympathetic control which causes blood to engorge the clitoris and the bulbs of the vistibule
78
What is a female orgasm?
sympathetic control which causes uterine smooth muscle to contract; during orgasm the bulbospongiosus skeletal muscle along the distal vagina contracts
79
What is homologous to the corpus cavernosa in females?
body of clitoris
80
What is homologous to the corpus spongiosum in females/
bulbs of vestibule
81
What hormone does suckling of nipple stimulate?
prolactin
82
What does prolactin do?
supports milk secretion by epithelial secretory cells of the alveoli
83
Where does prolactin come from?
anterior pituitary
84
What does oxytocin do?
causes ejection of milk from the nipple through contraction of myoepithelial cells that surround each alveolus
85
Where does oxytocin come from?
posterior pituitary

IB 131 Midterm 3 (11 decks)

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