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IB 131 Midterm 3 > T24 Reproduction > Flashcards

T24 Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

the skin and superficial fascia that surround the testes and epididymus

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2
Q

What is dartos muscle?

A

the layer of smooth muscle in the superficial fascia responsible for wrinkling the scrotal skin

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3
Q

What is cremaster muscle?

A

bands of skeletal muscle that contract to elevate the testes and relax to lower the testes

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4
Q

What is temperature for proper sperm development and what controls this temperature?

A

controlled by cremaster muscle - 3.1 degrees centigrade cooler than core body temperature

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5
Q

What supplies blood to testes?

A

testicular arteries

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6
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

testicular veins that surround the testicular arteries and absorb heat from these arteries, helping cool the testes

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7
Q

What innervates the testes?

A

the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of ANS, as well as sensory nerves

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8
Q

What is the spermatic cord composed of?

A

portion of ductus deferens, testicular blood vessels (artery & vein pampiniform plexus)

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9
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

a serous sac that contains serous fluid and partially encloses the testes

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the tunica vaginalis?

A

a superficial parietal layer and a deeper visceral layer that surrounds the tunica albuginea

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11
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

a fibrous capsule around the testes that is surrounded by the deeper visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis

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12
Q

What is the tunica albuginea divided into?

A

250-300 wedge shaped lobules that contain seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

What is the sequence of structures that sperm passes through from site of sperm production to urethra?

A

Seminiferous tubules, straight tubules, Rete testes, efferent ductules, epididymis head, epididymis body (ductus), epididymis tail, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory ducts, urethra (SEVEN UP short)

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14
Q

What epithelia is in seminiferous tubules?

A

stratified epithelium

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15
Q

What epithelia is in straight tubules?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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16
Q

What epithelia is in Rete testes?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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17
Q

What epithelia is in efferent ductules?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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18
Q

What epithelia is in epididymis?

A

tall columnar pseudo stratified epithelium with stereocilia

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19
Q

What epithelia is in the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

columnar pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia

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20
Q

What are seminiferous tubules separated by?

A

areolar connective tissue

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21
Q

What two cells compose the stratified epithelium of the seminiferous tubules?

A

spermatogenic cells and columnar sustentocyte (Sertoli) cells

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22
Q

What are spermatogenic cells?

A

sperm-forming stem cells (spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids) form 400 million sperm per day

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23
Q

What are columnar sustentocyte (Sertoli) cells?

A

support cells that provide nutrients to sperm, secrete androgen-binding protein, and have tight junctions that form the blood-testes border

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24
Q

What are myoid cells?

A

surround seminiferous tubules; contract rhythmically to help squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through the tubules into the epididymis

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25
Q

Where are the interstitial (Leydig) cells located?

A

in loose connective tissue in between seminiferous tubules

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26
Q

What do interstitial (Leydig) cells secrete?

A

androgens (mainly testosterone)

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27
Q

How long is the duct of the epididymis (when uncoiled0?

A

6 meters

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28
Q

Where do sperm mature?

A

epididymis

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29
Q

What is the purpose of stereocilia on pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

to provide a large surface area to reabsorb testicular fluid and transfer nutrients and secretions to the developing sperm

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the ductus (vas) deferens?

A

to facilitate movement of sperm and generate waves during orgasm that rapidly propel sperm through the ductus deferens to the urethra

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31
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct?

A

the distal end of the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicle gland duct

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32
Q

What are the accessory sex glands in males?

A

seminal vesicle gland, prostate, bulbourethral glands

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33
Q

What do accessory sex glands do?

A

provide seminal plasma that mixes with sperm

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34
Q

What are the three parts of the male urethra?

A

prostatic urethra (prostate), membranous urethra (urogenital diaphram) and spongy urethra (penis)

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35
Q

What composes the male perineum?

A

the scrotum, root of penis & anus

36
Q

What is prepuce?

A

foreskin which may be removed during circumcision

37
Q

Which erectile bodies engorge with blood to enable to male to have an erection?

A

corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa

38
Q

What does the corpus spongiosum surround?

A

spongy urethra

39
Q

Which erectile body makes up most of penis volume?

A

corpora cavernosa

40
Q

What is an erection?

A

parasympathetic control that causes blood to engorge the penis

41
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

sympathetic control that causes smooth muscle to contract throughout reproductive ducts and glands

42
Q

What happens during ejaculation with orgasm?

A

the bulbospongious skeletal muscle of the penis contracts

43
Q

What are the ligaments and mesenteries that hold the ovaries in place?

A

the mesovarium of broad ligament, suspensory ligament of ovary, ovarian ligament

44
Q

What is the tunica albuginea of the ovaries?

A

a fibrous capsule of the ovary covered in simple columnar epithelium

45
Q

What is the ovarian cortex?

A

contains follicles that house developing oocytes

46
Q

What are granulosa cells?

A

cells in developing follicles which produce estrogen before ovulation

47
Q

What is a Graafian follicle?

A

a mature follicle from which ova is released (ovulated)

48
Q

What does the corpus luteum do?

A

after ovulation, produces progesterone and estrogen during weeks 3& 4 of menstrual cycle

49
Q

What are the three parts of the uterine (fallopian) tubes?

A

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

50
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

distal end of uterine tube surrounded by fimbriae

51
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

the main part of lateral uterine tube that is usual site of fertilization

52
Q

What is the isthmus?

A

medial part of uterine tube with narrow diameter and next to uterus

53
Q

What is the fundus of the uterus?

A

the rounded superior portion of the uterus

54
Q

What are the three parts of the cervix?

A

cervical canal, internal os, external os

55
Q

What is the cervix of the uterus?

A

the “neck” of the uterus

56
Q

What does the mesometrium do?

A

anchors uterus to the lateral pelvic walls

57
Q

What do the round ligaments of the uterus do?

A

bind uterus to the anterior pelvic wall

58
Q

What do the uterosacral ligaments do?

A

attached to the anterior sacrum

59
Q

What are the lateral ligmanets of the uterus?

A

horizontal from cervix and vagina

60
Q

What is the perimetrium of the uterine wall?

A

outer serous membrane layer

61
Q

What is the myometrium of the uterine wall?

A

the bulky middle layer of smooth muscle which produces contractions during labor and delivery

62
Q

What is the endometrium of the uterine wall?

A

inner mucosal lining of uterine chamber with simple columnar epithelium with secretory and ciliated cells

63
Q

Where does implantation of the embryo occur?

A

in the endometrium

64
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

functional layer and basal layer

65
Q

What is the functional layer of the endometrium?

A

undergoes cyclic changes during menstrual cycle in response to ovarian hormones and is shed during menstruation and then is regenerated

66
Q

What is the basal layer?

A

thin layer that is not shed and is responsible for forming a new functional layer after menstruation

67
Q

What are the straight tubular uterine glands?

A

glands that run through functional layer of endometrium and change in length as endometrium thickens and thins

68
Q

What do uterine arteries branch into?

A

arcuate arteries

69
Q

What do arcuate arteries branch into?

A

radial arteries

70
Q

What do radial arteries branch into?

A

straight arteries to basal layer and spiral arteries to functional layer

71
Q

What are the three coats of the vagina?

A

aventitia, muscularis, mucosa

72
Q

What tissue is adventitia of vagina made of?

A

fibrous connective tissue

73
Q

What muscle is muscularis of vagina made of?

A

smooth muscle

74
Q

What epithelia is mucosa of vagina made of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium with lamina propria

75
Q

What is the fornix of vagina?

A

recess formed at superior part of the vagina

76
Q

What is the hymen of the vagina?

A

the external vagina opening

77
Q

What is a female erection?

A

parasympathetic control which causes blood to engorge the clitoris and the bulbs of the vistibule

78
Q

What is a female orgasm?

A

sympathetic control which causes uterine smooth muscle to contract; during orgasm the bulbospongiosus skeletal muscle along the distal vagina contracts

79
Q

What is homologous to the corpus cavernosa in females?

A

body of clitoris

80
Q

What is homologous to the corpus spongiosum in females/

A

bulbs of vestibule

81
Q

What hormone does suckling of nipple stimulate?

A

prolactin

82
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

supports milk secretion by epithelial secretory cells of the alveoli

83
Q

Where does prolactin come from?

A

anterior pituitary

84
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

causes ejection of milk from the nipple through contraction of myoepithelial cells that surround each alveolus

85
Q

Where does oxytocin come from?

A

posterior pituitary

IB 131 Midterm 3 (11 decks)

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