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IB 131 Midterm 3 > T20 Digestive System > Flashcards

T20 Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Which organs make up the alimentary canal?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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2
Q

Which organs make up the accessory digestive structures?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

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3
Q

What are the six digestive processes (in order)?

A

ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation

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4
Q

What is ingestion?

A

taking food into mouth

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5
Q

What is propulsion?

A

swallowing and peristalsis moves food

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6
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

chewing food in mouth, churning food in stomach, and segmentation of food in small intestine

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7
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

complex molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) broken down to chemical components in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine

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8
Q

What is absorption?

A

transport of digested nutrients from the lumen of the alimentary tract into the blood and lacteals

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9
Q

What is defecation?

A

elimination of indigestible substances as feces

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10
Q

What are the two steps of propulsion?

A

Peristalsis and Segmentation

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11
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

－ the major means of propulsion. adjacent segments of the alimentary canal relax and contract which propels food forward.
－ rhythmic contractions of the longitudinal muscles in the gastrointestinal tract

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12
Q

What is segmentation?

A
  • nonadjacent segments of small intestine alternatively contract and relax, moving food forward and backward. food is mixed with digestive juices and slowly propelled
  • contractions of the circular muscles in the digestive tract,
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13
Q

What are the four abdominal quadrants?

A

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

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14
Q

What are the two types of peritoneum?

A

visceral and parietal peritoneum

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15
Q

What is visceral peritoneum?

A

serous membrane that surrounds digestive organs

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16
Q

What is parietal peritoneum?

A

serous membrane that lines the body wall

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17
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

double layer of peritoneum that attaches to abdominal wall (large int.)

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18
Q

What do mesenteries do?

A

hold organs in place, sites of fat storage, provides route for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

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19
Q

What is the intra peritoneal space?

A

located in the abdominal cavity and is surrounded by the peritoneum

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20
Q

What are the four dorsal mesenteries?

A

greater omentum, mesentery proper, transverse mesocolon, sigmoid mesocolon

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21
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A

layer of peritoneum that attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach

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22
Q

What is the mesentery proper?

A

mesentery that supports the jejunum and ileum

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23
Q

What is the transverse mesocolon?

A

mesentery that supports the transverse colon

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24
Q

What is the sigmoid mesocolon?

A

mesentery that supports the sigmoid colon

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25
Q

What is the lesser omentum?

A

mesentery that attaches to the lesser curvature of the stomach, liver, and proximal part of duodenum

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26
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

binds anterior liver to anterior abdominal wall

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27
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

A

organs that are behind the peritoneum and fuse directly to posterior abdominal wall

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28
Q

What are secondary retroperitoneal structures?

A

structures were initially suspended in mesentery and later migrated behind peritoneum during embryonic and fetal development

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29
Q

What are examples of secondary retroperitoneal structures?

A

head, neck, body of pancreas, duodenum, ascending/descending colon

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30
Q

What are the four layers of the alimentary tract from esophagus to anal canal (from inside to outside)?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa layer (or adventitia layer in retroperitoneal organs)

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31
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa?

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

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32
Q

What type of tissue is lamina propria made of?

A

loose areolar and/or reticular connective tissue

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33
Q

What type of muscle is muscularis mucosae made of?

A

smooth muscle

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34
Q

What is the function of lamina propria?

A

to nourish the epithelium and capillaries and to absorb digested nutrients

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35
Q

What is the function of muscularis mucosa?

A

produces local movements of the mucosa

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36
Q

What is the function of the submucosa layer?

A

enables alimentary canal to stretch and return to its shape as food pass through it

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37
Q

What type of tissue is submucosa made up of?

A

moderately dense connective tissue (intermediate between loose areolar and dense irregular)

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38
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis externa?

A

circular muscularis and longitudinal muscularis

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39
Q

What is the circularis muscularis?

A

the inner layer of muscularis externa which orients around circumference of canal

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40
Q

What is the longitudinal muscualris?

A

the outer layer of the muscularis externa which orients around the length of the canal

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41
Q

What are the two layers of the muscularis externa responsible for?

A

peristalsis and segmentation (propulsion)

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42
Q

What epithelium is the serosa layer made of?

A

simple squamous epithelium underlain by a layer of areolar connective tissue

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43
Q

Which parts of the alimentary tract contain an adventitia?

A

parts of the alimentary tract which are not associated with the peritoneal cavity (e.g. esophagus and retroperitoneal organs)

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44
Q

Which two nerve plexuses innervate the alimentary tract?

A

myenteric and submucosal nerve plexuses

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45
Q

Where does the myenteric nerve plexus lie?

A

between the circular and longitudinal muscularis .

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46
Q

What does the myenteric nerve plexus control?

A

peristalsis

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47
Q

Where does the submucosal nerve plexus lie?

A

in the submucosa

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48
Q

What is the role of the submucosal nerve plexus?

A

to signal glands to secrete

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49
Q

How are adjacent muscle fibers connected?

A

with gap junctions

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50
Q

How does smooth muscle contract?

A
  • dense bodies anchor thin filaments to sarcolemma, and through this anchoring attachment, the sliding myofilaments shorten the muscle cell by pulling on the cytoskeleton during muscle contraction.
  • entry of Ca2+ into sarcoplasma stimulates smooth muscle to contract
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51
Q

How does Ca2+ enter the sarcoplasma?

A

through calveolae

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52
Q

What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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53
Q

What type of epithelium lines the pharynx?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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54
Q

What type of epithelium lines the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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55
Q

What type of epithelium lines the stomach?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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56
Q

What type of epithelium lines the small intestine villi?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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57
Q

What type of epithelium lines the large intestine?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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58
Q

What type of epithelium lines the anal canal?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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59
Q

What are deciduous teeth and how many are there?

A

“baby teeth” that start emerging at 6 months; there are 20

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60
Q

What are permanent teeth and how many are there?

A

start emerging by 6 years and are usually in by end of adolescence (except wisdom teeth) ; there are 32

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61
Q

How many incisors, canines, premolars, and molars are there?

A

8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, 12 molars

62
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

63
Q

Where are the parotid glands?

A

anterior to ear and is largest extrinsic gland; parallel to zygomatic arch

64
Q

What can parotid glands be infected with?

A

mumps virus

65
Q

Where does the submandibular gland lie?

A

along medial surface of mandibular body

66
Q

Where does the sublingual gland lie?

A

lies in floor of oral cavity inferior to tongue

67
Q

What types of cells does the parotid gland contain?

A

serous cells

68
Q

What types of cells does the submandibular gland contain?

A

serous and mucous cells

69
Q

What types of cells does the sublingual gland contain?

A

primarily mucous cells

70
Q

What are the contents of saliva?

A

water, ions, mucus, bicarbonate buffer, and enzymes (e.g, amylase)

71
Q

What does bicarbonate buffer in saliva do?

A

neutralizes acids produced by oral bacteria

72
Q

What do the enzymes (amylase) in saliva do?

A

begin the digestion of complex carbohydrates

73
Q

What type of epithelium lines oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

74
Q

What does the cardiac sphincter do?

A

closes to prevent stomach acid from entering the esophagus

75
Q

What type of epithelium lines the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

76
Q

What happens to the mucosa and submucosa when bolus passes through esophagus?

A

the folds of mucosa and submucosa flatten out

77
Q

What muscle makes up muscularis externa in superior 3rd of esophagus?

A

skeletal muscle

78
Q

What muscle makes up the middle 3rd of esophagus?

A

mixed skeletal & smooth muscle

79
Q

What muscle makes up the lower 3rd of esophagus?

A

smooth muscle

80
Q

What are rugae?

A

longitudinal folds on internal surface of stomach that flatten when the stomach fills

81
Q

What are the three layers of muscalris externa in the stomach?

A

circular, longitudinal, and oblique

82
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

indentations in the stomach that are entrances to gastric glands

83
Q

Which cells line the gastric glands?

A

mucous neck cells, enteroendocrine cells, parietal cells, chief cells

84
Q

What do mucous neck cells in the stomach do?

A

secrete mucus

85
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells in the stomach do?

A

secrete gastrin which signals parietal cells to produce HCl acid

86
Q

What do parietal cells in the stomach in the stomach do?

A

secrete HCl acid and gastric intrinsic factor

87
Q

What do chief cells in the stomach do?

A

secrete pepsinogen that is activated to pepsin when it encounters HCl acid in the gastric glands

88
Q

What occurs when food enters the stomach?

A
  • food is churned into chyme
  • secretion of HCl acid creates acidic conditions
  • pepsin begins protein digestion
  • minor absorption can occur in stomach including water, electrolytes, and some drugs
89
Q

What are two types of peptic ulcers?

A

gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers

90
Q

What causes peptic ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

91
Q

How does Helicobacter pylori cause ulcers?

A

it binds to gastric epithelium and induces over-secretion of acid and inflammation

92
Q

Where do gastric ulcers occur?

A

in the pyloric region of stomach

93
Q

Where do duodenal ulcers occur?

A

in the duodenum of small intestine

94
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

6 meters

95
Q

How long is the large intestine?

A

1.5 meters

96
Q

How long does it take food to move through segmentation and peristalsis (propulsion)?

A

3-6 hours

97
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

98
Q

What is the innervation of the small intestine?

A

parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerve, sympathetic fibers from thoracic splanchnic nerves, and sensory nerves

99
Q

What are the four digestive enzymes released into the duodenum?

A

proteases/peptidases, lipases, carbohydrates, nucleases

100
Q

Where are the four digestive enzymes released into the duodenum produced?

A

pancreas

101
Q

What do proteases and peptidases do?

A

split proteins into amino acids

102
Q

What do lipases do?

A

split fat into fatty acids and glycerol

103
Q

What do carbohydrases do?

A

split carbohydrates into simple sugars

104
Q

What do nucleases do?

A

split nucleic acids into nucleotides

105
Q

Where does the duodenum receive digestive enzymes from (specific ducts)?

A

main pancreatic duct and common bile duct

106
Q

What does the pancreatic sphincter do?

A

controls entry of pancreatic juice enzymes

107
Q

What does the bile sphincter do?

A

controls entry of bile

108
Q

What does the hepatopancreatic ampulla contain?

A

pancreatic sphincter and bile sphincter

109
Q

What opens the hepatopancreatic ampulla to the duodenal lumen?

A

major duodenal papilla

110
Q

What cells does the small intestine wall contain?

A

enteroendocrine cells, goblet cells, absorptive cells, intestinal crypts (crypts of Lieberkuhn)

111
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum do?

A

secrete hormones (ex. cholecytokinin) and other hormones that signal pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate rich fluid

112
Q

How is cholecytokinin hormone released in duodenum?

A

released in response to fatty chyme entering the duodenum

113
Q

What does cholecytokinin do?

A

causes gallbladder’s muscular wall to contract and ducts to relax and release bile into duodenum that emulsifies fats

114
Q

What does alkaline bicarbonate mucus do in the duodenum?

A

help neutralize acidic chyme from stomach

115
Q

What do the goblet cells of small intestine do?

A

secrete mucus that lubricates chyme and protects intestinal wall from enzymatic digestion

116
Q

What do the intestinal crypts (crypts of Lieberkuhn) of the small intestine do?

A

renew mucosal epithelium by dividing rapidly and moving onto the villi w/ complete renewal of inner epithelium of the small intestine every 3-6 days

117
Q

What do absorptive cells in the small intestine do?

A

uptake digested nutrients where carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed by blood capillaries and fat is absorbed by lacteal capillaries

118
Q

What are the small intestine modifications to increase absorptive surface area?

A

circular folds, villi, microvilli

119
Q

What cells are small intestine villi made up of?

A

absorptive cells

120
Q

How many square meters of absorption does the villi/microvilli system provide?

A

200 square meters

121
Q

What do brush border enzymes in microvilli do?

A

complete the final stages of digestion (breakdown) of nutrient molecules

122
Q

What is the role of blood capillaries in villi lamina propria?

A

to absorb products of digestion of carbohydrates and protein

123
Q

What is the role of lacteals (lymphatic capillaries) in villi lamina propria?

A

to absorb products of digestion of fat

124
Q

What are chylomicrons?

A

lipid-protein complexes that enter the lacteal capillaries

125
Q

What does the ileocecal valve do?

A

connects the ileum (end of small intestine) with the colon (beginning of large intestine)

126
Q

Does the colon contain villi?

A

no

127
Q

What is the role of colonocytes in the colon?

A

to take in water and electrolytes

128
Q

What types of cells are present in the colon?

A

numerous goblet cells, absorptive cells (colonocytes), intestinal crypts

129
Q

What is the role of the large intestine?

A
  • small amount of digestion by bacteria in the colon; digested residue contains few nutrients
  • mass peristaltic movements and haustral chumming moves feces towards the rectum
130
Q

Where is the highest concentration of bacteria in the world found?

A

the colon of humans and other mammals

131
Q

What is the teniae coli?

A

thickening of longitudinal muscularis with three longitudinal strips placed at equal intervals around colon and cecum

132
Q

What is the haustra?

A

puckering sacs in large intestine created by teniae coli

133
Q

What is haustral churning?

A

the sequential movements of contents from one haustra to the next

134
Q

What are epiploic appendages?

A

fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum attached to intestine

135
Q

How does the rectum generate strong contractions for defecation?

A

uses longitudinal muscle layer (no teniae coli)

136
Q

What is the defecation reflex?

A
  • as feces moves into the rectum, the walls distend, which stimulates sensory stretch receptors that send signals to spinal cord
  • spinal reflex triggered–> parasympathetic efferent fibers stimulate contraction of smooth muscle in rectal walls and relaxation of internal anal sphincter
  • if it is convenient to defecate, voluntary motor neurons are inhibited - allowing external anal sphincter to relax and allow feces out of anus
137
Q

What is the portal triad of the liver composed of?

A

bile duct, portal venule, portal arteriole

138
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

specialized macrophages which line the sinusoids and destroy bacteria

139
Q

What is the path of blood through the liver?

A

blood from sinusoids flow into central vein of liver lobule which flows into interlobular veins which feed into the hepatic vein

140
Q

What is the role of the left and right hepatic ducts of the liver?

A

to deliver bile made in the liver to the cystic duct of the gallbladder

141
Q

What is the role of the cystic duct of the gallbladder?

A

to transport bile into the gallbladder

142
Q

What is the role of the gallbladder?

A

to store and concentrate bile produced by liver cells

143
Q

What is the role of bile?

A

to emulsify fats in the duodenum

144
Q

How is bile expelled from gallbladder?

A

bile duct expels bile through bile sphincter into the duodenum

145
Q

Which cells make up the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

acinar cells and zymogen granules in acinar cells

146
Q

What do acinar cells do?

A

make, store, and secrete pancreatic enzymes into duodenum

147
Q

What is the role of zymogen granules in acinar cells?

A

to store enzymes in the inactive precursor form

148
Q

Which cells make up the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells

149
Q

What do alpha cells do?

A

secrete glucagon

150
Q

What do beta cells do?

A

secrete insulin

151
Q

What do delta cells do?

A

secrete somatostatin

152
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

to regulate blood sugar

IB 131 Midterm 3 (11 decks)

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