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IB 131 Midterm 3 > T15 Blood Vessels: Peripheral Circulation > Flashcards

T15 Blood Vessels: Peripheral Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are arteries?

A

carry blood away from the heart

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2
Q

What are capillaries?

A
  • site of exchange of molecules and fluid between blood and tissue
  • smallest blood vessels
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3
Q

What are veins?

A

carry blood toward the heart

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4
Q

What are elastic arteries?

A
  • conduct blood

- diameter: 1-2.5cm (largest diameter)

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5
Q

What are muscular arteries?

A
  • distribute blood

- diameter: 0.3mm-1.0cm (second largest diameter)

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6
Q

Order of blood vessels by diameter (smallest to largest)?

A

capillaries, venules, arterioles, musclar arteries, elastic arteries, veins

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers (tunics) of arteries?

A

1) tunica intima
2) tunica media
3) tunica externa

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8
Q

What is the lumen?

A

central blood-filled space of a vessel

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9
Q

What are the 3 parts of the tunica intima?

A

1) endothelium - simple squamous epithelium
2) subendothelial layer
3) internal elastic membrane

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10
Q

What is the tunica media composed of?

A

sheets of smooth muscle and elastic fibers and external elastic membrane

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11
Q

What does contraction of the tunica media cause?

A

vascoconstriction

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12
Q

What does relaxation of the tunica media cause?

A

vasodilation

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13
Q

What is the tunica externa composed of?

A

composed of collagen fibers

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14
Q

What are the largest arteries?

A

elastic arteries

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15
Q

What is an example of an elastic artery?

A

aorta and its branches

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16
Q

What dampens the surge of blood pressure in elastic arteries?

A

high elastin content

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17
Q

What is the Vasa vasorum in elastic arteries?

A

network of small blood vessels which supply walls of large elastic arteries

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18
Q

Where do muscular arteries lie with respect to elastic arteries?

A

lie distal to elastic arteries

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19
Q

What is a unique feature of muscular arteries?

A

internal and external elastic membranes that dampen the pulsatile pressure produced by the heartbeat

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20
Q

What is the tunica media like in musclar arteries?

A

tunica media = thick, w/ smooth muscle and elastin fibers

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21
Q

What are the smallest arteries?

A

arterioles

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries?

A

elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles

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23
Q

____ arterioles possess all 3 tunics?

A

larger

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24
Q

What are the 2 factors that control the diameter of arterioles?

A

1) local factors in the tissues

2) autonomic nervous system

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25
Q

What are the smallest blood vessels?

A

capillaries

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26
Q

What passes through capillaries and how?

A

red blood cells pass through in single file

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27
Q

What is the function of capillaries in the lungs?

A

O2 enters blood, CO2 leaves blood

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28
Q

What is the function of capillaries in other tissues?

A

O2 leaves blood, CO2 enters blood

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29
Q

What is the function of capillaries in the small intestines?

A

receive digested nutrients

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30
Q

What is the function of capillaries in the endocrine glands?

A

release or receive hormones

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31
Q

What is the function of capillaries in the kidneys?

A

remove nitrogenous wastes and other wastes

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32
Q

What are poorly vascularized tissues?

A

tendons and ligaments

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33
Q

What connective tissue are avascular but receive nutrients?

A

epithelia and cartilage = avascular and receive nutrients from nearby connective tissue

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34
Q

What are capillary beds?

A

networks of capillaries running through tissues

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35
Q

What is the function of precapillary sphincters?

A

regulate flow of blood to tissues

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36
Q

What do precapillary sphincters do when relaxed?

A

precapillary sphincters = open and blood runs through true capillaries

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37
Q

What do precapillary sphincters do when constricted?

A

precapillary sphincters = closed and blood runs through the metarteriole throughfare and bypasses true capillaries

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38
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

1) continuous capillaries
2) fenestrated capillary
3) sinusoidal capillary

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39
Q

What are continuous capillaries?

A

most common type, least permeable type of capillaries

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40
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

found in skin, muscle, and blood brain barrier

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41
Q

Where is the lowest permeability continuous capillary system in?

A

CNS

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42
Q

What does the lowest permeability continuous capillary system form?

A

blood brain barrier

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43
Q

What type of junctions do capillaries have?

A

capillaries have complete tight junctions of endothelial cells which prevent movement through intercellular clefts

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44
Q

What passes through continuous capillaries and how?

A

Vital molecules pass through via highly selective trasnport mechanisms through endothelial cell membranes and via pinocytotic vesicles

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45
Q

What are continuous capillaries NOT a barrier against?

A

not a barrier against oxygen, carbon dioxide, and some drugs (e.g. anesthetics and anti-seizure meds) that pass through blood brain barrier

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46
Q

What are pericytes?

A

contractile cells that wrap around endothelial cells around continuous capillaries

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47
Q

Where are pericytes embedded?

A

pericytes embedded in basement membrane of endothelial cells

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48
Q

What is the function of pericytes?

A

to communicate with and help sustain endothelial cells

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49
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

large fenestrations (pores) result in increased permeability

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50
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

found in kidneys and small intestine

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51
Q

What are the most permeable capillaries?

A

sinusoidal capillaries

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52
Q

What are features of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

wide open intercellular clefts (gaps of unjoined membrane through which small molecules can enter and exit)

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53
Q

Do sinusoidal capillaries have a complete basement membrane?

A

no, have incomplete basement membrane

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54
Q

What is the diameter and physical nature of sinusoidal capillaries?

A

large diameter and twisted course

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55
Q

Where are sinusoidal capillaries found?

A

found in bone marrow, liver, and spleen

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56
Q

What do venules and veins do?

A

conduct blood from capillaries toward the heart

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57
Q

What is the blood pressue like in venules and veins in comparison to arteries?

A

blood pressure much lower than in arteries

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58
Q

What are the smallest veins called?

A

venules

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59
Q

What are the smallst venules?

A

postcapillary venules

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60
Q

Venules join to form what?

A

veins

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61
Q

What is the tunica externa like in veins?

A

tunica externa rich in collagenous tissue and is thickest in veins

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62
Q

What are 2 mechanisms to help move venous blood (against gravity)?

A

valves and skeletal muscle

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63
Q

How do valves help move venous blood?

A

in some veins, particularly in limbs

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64
Q

How does skeletal muscle help move venous blood?

A

skeletal muscle presses against vein walls and help pump blood toward the heart

65
Q

What is formed when vessels interconnect?

A

vascular anastomoses

66
Q

What is the function of vascular anastomoses?

A

enable organs to receive blood from more than one blood vessel

67
Q

What do neighboring arteries form?

A

arterial anastomoses

68
Q

What do arterial anastomoses do?

A

provide collateral channels

69
Q

What anastomoses more frequently?

A

veins anastomose more frequently than arteries

70
Q

What is vasa vasorum?

A

network of small blood vessels which supply large vessels

71
Q

How does vasa vasorum work?

A
  • tiny arteries, capillaries, and veins nourish outer region (tunica externa) of walls of the large vessels
  • inner half of large vessels receive nutrients from luminal blood
72
Q

Where does the pulmonary trunk leave from?

A

pulmonary trunk leaves the right ventricle

73
Q

What does the pulmonary trunk divide into?

A

divides into right and left pulmonary arteries

74
Q

What does pulmonary trunk carry and to where?

A

carries DEOXYGENATED blood to lungs

75
Q

What do the superior and inferior pulmonary veins carry?

A

carry OXYGENATED BLOOD into LEFT ATRIUM

76
Q

What do the systemic arteries carry?

A

carry OXYGENATED blood away from heart

77
Q

What is the largest artery in the body?

A

aorta

78
Q

Where does the ascending aorta arise from?

A

ascending aorta arises from left ventricle

79
Q

What do early branches of the ascending aorta form?

A

coronary arteries

80
Q

Where does the aortic arch lie?

A

aortic arch = posterior to the manubrium

81
Q

What are the 3 branches of the aortic arch

A

1) brachiocephalic trunk
2) left common carotid artery
3) left subclavian arter

82
Q

What branches off the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

right common carotid and right subclavian

83
Q

What continues from the aortic arch?

A

descending aorta

84
Q

What region is the thoracic aorta in?

A

T5 - T12

85
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta end?

A

L4

86
Q

What does the aorta divide into?

A

right and left common iliac arteries

87
Q

Where are the common carotid arteries located?

A

in the anterior triangle of the neck

88
Q

What are the 2 branches of the common carotid artery?

A

external carotid artery and internal carotid artery

89
Q

What are the external carotid artery branches?

A

1) superficial temporal artery
2) maxillary artery
3) occipital artery
4) facial artery
5) lingual artery
6) superior thyroid artery

90
Q

What are the internal carotid artery branches?

A

1) opthalmic artery
2) anterior cerebral artery
3) middle cerebral artery
4) posterior communicating artery

91
Q

What is the cerebral artery circle (circle of WIllis)?

A

forms a loops around the pituitary gland and optic chiasm

92
Q

What does the cerbral artery circle unite?

A

unites the brain’s anterior and posterior blood supplies (internal carotid and vertebral arteries)

93
Q

What is the anterior blood supply?

A

internal carotid

94
Q

What is the posterior blood supply?

A

vertebral arteries

95
Q

Where do vertebral arteries extend off?

A

extend off subclavian artery and ascend through foramena in transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C6 - C1

96
Q

What do vertebral arteries merge to form?

A

merge to form the unpaired basilar artery that ascends along ventral midline of brain stem and at border of pons and mibrain

97
Q

What does basilar artery divide into?

A

posterior cerebral arteries

98
Q

What connects the posterior cerebral arteries to the middle cerebral arteries?

A

posterior communicating arteries

99
Q

How are the posterior cerebral arteries and the middle cerebral arteries connected?

A

anteriorly

100
Q

What extends off the middle cerebral arteries?

A

anterior cerebral arteries

101
Q

What connects the anterior cerebral arteries and middle cerebral arteries?

A

anterior communicating artery

102
Q

What are the arteries of the arm?

A

subclavian arter, axillary artery, brachial artery, raidal arter, superficial and deep palmar arches, digital arteries

103
Q

What does the subclavian artery enter the axilla as?

A

enters as the axillary artery

104
Q

What does the axillary artery become?

A

brachial artery

105
Q

Where is the brachial artery start?

A

inferior border of teres major muscle

106
Q

What does the brachial artery divide into?

A

divides into radial artery and ulnar artery

107
Q

What do the radial and ulnar artery transition into?

A

superficial and deep palmar arches and digital arteries

108
Q

What are the arteries of the thorax?

A
  • anterior and posterior intercostal arteries

- lateral and internal thoracic arteries

109
Q

What are the arteries of the abdominal aorta?

A
  • inferior phrenic
  • celiac trunk
  • superior mesenteric
  • supraarenal (adrenal)
  • renal
  • gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
  • inferior mesenteric
  • common iliac
110
Q

What does the celiac trunk supply?

A

main arterial branches supply viscera in the superior part of the abdomen

111
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the celiac trunk?

A

1) left gastric
2) splenic
3) common hepatic arteries

112
Q

Where do the celiac trunk and its branches send arteries to?

A

stomach, duodenum, spleen, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

113
Q

Where does the superior mesenteric artery extend to?

A

extends to jejunum, ileum, and proximal half of colon (cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and part of the transverse colon)

114
Q

Where does the inferior messenteric artery extend to?

A

distal half of colon (2nd half of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum

115
Q

What are the arteries that branch off the internal iliac?

A
  • gluteal
  • obturator
  • internal pudental
  • middle rectum
  • vesical
  • uterine
116
Q

What are the systemic veins?

A

3 major veins that enter the right atrium

117
Q

Where are systemic veins located with respect to skin?

A

lie just beneath skin

118
Q

What do veins have that prevent backflow of blood?

A

valves

119
Q

What are venous plexuses?

A

multivein bundles

120
Q

What are the 2 unusual patterns of venous drainage?

A

1) dural sinuses

2) hepatic portal system

121
Q

Where does the superior vena cava return blood from?

A

returns blood from body regions superior to diaphragm

122
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava return blood from?

A

returns blood from body regions inferior to diaphragm

123
Q

Where does the coronary sinus return blood from?

A

returns blood from cardiac muscle

124
Q

How does the right atrium receive blood?

A

via coronary sinus (large vein) which receives blood from cardiac veins (great, middle, and small cardiac veins)

125
Q

Where is the coronary sinus located in?

A

in posterior party of coronary sulcus

126
Q

What are the dural sinuses in the brain?

A

venous channels found between periosteal dura mater and the brain

127
Q

What are the walls of dural sinuses lined with?

A

endothelium

128
Q

What drains the dural venous sinuses?

A

internal jugular vein drains the dural venous sinuses

129
Q

What are the dural sinuses of the head and neck?

A

-superior and inferior agittal sinuses
-straight sinus
cavernous sinus
-transverse sinuses
-sigmoid sinus

130
Q

What are the 2 veins of the head and neck that drain into the brachiocephalic vein?

A
  • external jugular
  • internal jugular
  • vertebral vein
131
Q

Where does the external juglar empty into?

A

external jugular empties into subclavian vein

132
Q

Where do the internal jugular and vertebral vein drain into?

A

internal jugular and vertebral vein drain into barchiocephalic vein

133
Q

What are the deep veins of the upper limbs which follow the path of companion arteries?

A
  • subclavian
  • axillary
  • brachial
  • basilic
  • cephalic
  • raidal
  • ulnar
  • deep palmar arch
  • digital
134
Q

What are the superficial veins of the upper limbs easily visible beneath skin?

A
  • cephalic
  • basilic
  • medial cubital (common site to draw blood)
  • median antebrachial (of forearm)
135
Q

What are the veins of the thorax?

A
  • azygos
  • hemiazygos
  • accessory hemiazygos
  • intercostals
136
Q

What are the veins of the abdomen?

A
  • inferior phrenic
  • hepatic
  • suprarenal
  • renal
  • lumbar
  • gonadal (testicular or ovarian)
137
Q

What does the hepatic portal system do? (general)

A

picks up digested nutrients from the stomach and intestine and delivers nutrients to the liver for processing and storage

138
Q

What are the veins that supply the hepatic portal system?

A
  • gastric
  • gastroepiploic
  • splenic
  • inferior mesenteric
  • superior mesenteric
139
Q

What is the hepatic portal system?

A

a series of vessels in which 2 separate capillary beds lie in between arterial supply and final venous drainage

140
Q

Where is the first capillary bed in the hepatic portal system?

A

in the stomach and intestines

141
Q

What does the first capillary bed in the hepatic portal system do?

A

receives digested nutrients and then drains into the hepatic portal vein

142
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein deliver?

A

nutrient-rich but oxygen poor blood

143
Q

Where does the hepatic portal vein deliver to?

A

delivers to a secondary capillary bed

144
Q

Where is the secondary capillary bed in the hepatic portal system located?

A

the liver sinusoids

145
Q

What happens to the nutrients in the hepatic portal system once they reach the liver cells?

A

for processing

146
Q

Where does the blood go after passing through liver sinusoids?

A

blood enters hepatic veins then inferior vena cava (enters general systemic circulation)

147
Q

What are the superficial veins of the pelvis and lower limbs?

A

small saphenous and great saphenous veins

148
Q

Where do the small and great saphenous veins arise from?

A

arise from dorsal venous arch

149
Q

What are the deep veins of the pelvis and lower limbs?

A
  • iliac
  • femoral
  • popliteal
  • anterior tibial
  • posterior tibial
  • fibular
  • dorsalis pedis
  • plantar
  • plantar arch
  • digital
150
Q

What empties into the popliteal vein?

A

the small saphenous, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and fibular viens empty into popliteal vein

151
Q

The popliteal empties into ____ which empties into ____?

A

the popliteal vein empties into the femoral vein which empties into the iliac vein

152
Q

____ empties into the ____ which empties into the iliac vein?

A

great saphenous vein empties into the femoral vein which empties into the iliac vein

153
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

dilation of blood vessel wall that may burst

154
Q

What are some disorders of the blood vessels?

A
  • aneurysm
  • deep vein thrombosis (clot) of lower limb
  • venous disease
  • microangiopathy of small blood vessels (e.g. with diabetes)
  • arteriovenous malformation
155
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

fat deposits inside arteries that can begin in young people with consequences becoming evident in middle to old age

156
Q

Which gender experiences more atherosclerosis?

A

males have more atherosclerosis than females btwn ages 45-65

157
Q

Which gender experiences heart disease and atherosclerosis later in life?

A

females tend to experience heart disease and atherosclerosis later in life than males

158
Q

What can lead to ischemic heart disease?

A

atherosclerosis in coronary arteries can lead to ischemic heart disease

IB 131 Midterm 3 (11 decks)

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