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IB 131 Midterm 3 > T23 Renal Urinary > Flashcards

T23 Renal Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the kidney?

A
  • maintain the chemical consistency of the blood
  • filter liters of fluid from blood
  • send toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess water out of body
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2
Q

What are the 3 main waste products of the kidney?

A

1) urea
2) uric acid
3) creatine

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3
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

located retroperitoneally

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4
Q

What is the hilum of the kidneys?

A
  • on concave surface

- vessels and nerves enter and exit

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5
Q

What surrounds the kidney?

A

fibrous capsule

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6
Q

What are the 2 parts of the fibroud capsule?

A
  • perirenal fat

- renal fascia

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7
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms of urine production?

A

1) filtration (glomerular)
2) resorption (tubular)
3) secretion (tubular)

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8
Q

What is filtration (production of urine)?

A

liquid filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries in glomerular capsule

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9
Q

What is resportion (production of urine)?

A

most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed through resorption from urine into peritubular capillaries

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10
Q

What is secretion (production of urine)?

A

active process of removing undesirable molecules through secretion from peritubular capillaries into urine

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11
Q

What is the nerve plexus that supplies the kidneys?

A

nerve supply to the kidneys via renal plexus

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12
Q

What is the renal plexus?

A
  • offshoot of celiac plexus
  • network of autonomic fibers
  • also has sensory fibers
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13
Q

What is each nephron composed of?

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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14
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

first part of nephron where filtration occurs

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15
Q

Where is the renal corpuscle present?

A

present only in kidney cortex

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16
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consist of?

A

a tuft of capillaries (glomerulus) that is surrounded by a cup-shaped, hollow glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

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17
Q

What is the tuft of capillaries supplied and drained by?

A

tuft of capillaries supplied by an afferernt arteriole and rained by an efferent arteriole

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18
Q

What is the endothelium of the renal corpuscle like?

A

endothelium of glomerulus (tuft of capillaries) is FENESTRATED

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19
Q

What does the fenestration of the endothelium of glomerulus allow?

A

makes capillaries highly porous –> allows large quantities of fluid and small molecules to pass from capillaries into capsular space

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20
Q

What does the visceral layer of the renal corpuscle cover and consist of?

A

covers glomerulus (glomerular capillaries) and consists of epithelial cells (podocytes) which branch into foot processes

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21
Q

Where does filtrate pass through in renal corpuscle?

A

filtration slits (clefts between foot processes)

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22
Q

What epithelium is the parietal layer of glomerular capsule?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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23
Q

What is the function of the filtration membrane in renal corpuscle?

A
  • filter system between blood in glomerulus and capsular space
  • holds back most blood cells and proteins
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24
Q

What are the 3 layers of the filtration membrane in renal corpuscle?

A

1) fenestrated endothelium of capillary
2) basement membrane
3) thin slit diaphragm

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25
Q

What does the filtration membrane in renal corpuscle allow passage of?

A

-water
-ions
-glucose
-amino acids
-urea
(small and relatively non-polar molecules)

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26
Q

What percentage of fluid leaves glomerulus?

A

20% fluid leaves glomerulus and enters capsular space and processed into urine

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27
Q

What percentage of fluid remains within blood of capillary?

A

80% remains within blood of capillary

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28
Q

What are the parts of the renal tubule?

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • nephron loop (loop of Henle)
  • distal convoluted tubule
  • collecting ducts
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29
Q

What epithelial cells is on the visceral layer of glomerular capsule?

A

podocyte

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30
Q

What epithelium is in the proximal convoluted tubule in cortex?

A

simple cuboidal cells with microvilla for efficient resorption

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31
Q

What epithelium is in the nephron loop thin segment in medulla?

A

simple squamous

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32
Q

What is the epithelium in the distal convoluted tubule in cortex?

A

simple cuboidal specialized for selective secretion or resportion of ions

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33
Q

What is the epithelium in the collecting ducts?

A

simple cuboidal that thickens to become simple columnar in papillary ducts

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34
Q

What are the 2 classes of nephrons?

A
  • cortical nephrons

- juxtamedullary nephrons

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35
Q

What is the percentage of cortical nephrons?

A

85%

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36
Q

What is the percentage of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

15%

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37
Q

Where are cortical nephrons located?

A

located almost entirely within cortex

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38
Q

How much do nephron loops dip into the medulla (cortical nephrons)?

A

dip only a short distance into medulla

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39
Q

What is the function of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

contribute to kidney’s ability to concentrate urine

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40
Q

How much do nephron loops dip into the medulla (juxtamedullary nephrons)?

A

extend deeply into medulla

41
Q

How are the thin segments in loops of juxtamedullary nephrons different from those of cortical nephrons?

A

thin segments in loops much longer than those of cortical nephrons

42
Q

What is a feature of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

have renal corpuscles which lie near cortex-medulla junction

43
Q

What are the 3 capillary beds associated with nephrons?

A

1) glomeruli capillaries
2) peritubular capillaries of cortical nephrons
3) vasa recta of juxtamedullary nephrons

44
Q

What do the glomeruli capillaries produce?

A

produce filtrate that moves through the renal tubule and becomes urine

45
Q

What do peritubular capillaries in renal cortex arise from?

A

arise from efferent arterioles of cortical nephrons

46
Q

Where do peritubular capillaries lie?

A

in interstitial loose areolar connective tissue in renal cortex

47
Q

What is tubular resorption (in peritubular capillaries?

A

low-pressure, porous capillaries readily absorb solutes and water from renal tubule cells as these substances are resorbed from filtrate

48
Q

What is tubular secretion (in peritubular capillaries)?

A

all molecules secretes into urine are from blood of peritubular capillaries

49
Q

What does the vasa recta in renal medulla emerge from?

A

emerge from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons in deepest part of renal cortex

50
Q

How is the vasa recta important for kidney?

A

important for kidney’s urine concentrating mechanism

51
Q

What is the vasa recta in renal medulla?

A

thin-walled looping vessels which escend into the medulla running alongside the nephron loops

52
Q

How do desert animals conserve their water?

A

have well developed vasa recta to conserve water

53
Q

When is antidiurectic hormone (vasopressin) released?

A

released when body needs to conserve water

54
Q

What is antidiurectic hormone produced by and released by?

A

produced by hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary gland

55
Q

What does antidiurectic hormone (vasopressin) do?

A

increases permeability of distal tubules and collecting ducts –> allowing water from filtrate to be resorbed into surrounding blood capillaries which decreases urine volume

56
Q

What is the effect of alcohol on ADH production?

A

alcohol reduces the production of ADH –> increased urination

57
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

hormone produced by adrenal cortex that increases resorption of Na+ and water and secretion of K+

58
Q

What does caffeine do to the kidney?

A

blocks resorption of Na+ from distal covoluted tubules which increases urine production and lowers blood pressure

59
Q

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • structure that functions in regulating blood pressure

- area of specialized contact between terminal end of ascending nephron loop and afferent arteriole

60
Q

What are granular cells within the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A
  • modified smooth muscle cells with secretory granules

- contain mechanoreceptors and hormone renin

61
Q

What does renin do (granular cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus)?

A

secreted in response to falling blood pressure in afferent arterioles that triggers renin-angiotensin system which increases aldosterone levels

62
Q

Where is the macula densa (juxtaglomerular apparatus)?

A
  • end of nephron loop

- adjacent to granular cells

63
Q

What is the macula densa (juxtaglomerular apparatus)?

A
  • tall, closely packed epithelial cells

- act as chemoreceptors and monitor solute concentration in filtrate

64
Q

What happens to macula densa and granular cells when solute concentrations fall below a certain level?

A

cells of macula densa signal granular cells to secrete renin

65
Q

What are extraglomerular mesangial cells (juxtaglomerular apparatus)?

A

interact with macula densa and granular cells to help regulate blood pressure

66
Q

Where are mesangial cells between glomerular capillaries located?

A

around base of glomerulus

67
Q

What are mesangial cells between glomerular capillaries (juxtaglomerular apparatus)?

A

cells have contractile properties which help regulate blood flow with glomerulus

68
Q

What is erythropoeitin (hematopoietin)?

A

glycoprotein hormone that control erythropoiesis by acting as a signaling molecule for erythrocyte precursers in bone marrow

69
Q

What is erythropoeitin (hematopoietin) produced by?

A
  • produced by interstitial fibroblasts in kidney in close association with peritubular capillaries and proximal convoluted tubule
  • produced in perisinusoidal cells in liver
70
Q

When is renal production predominant?

A

adulthood

71
Q

What are the ureters?

A

carry urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder

72
Q

What is the path of the ureters?

A

enters in posteriolateral corner of bladder and run medially in bladder wall before opening into bladder’s interior

73
Q

What is the mucosa layer of ureter?

A

transitional epithelium on fibroelastic lamina propria

74
Q

What is the muscularis layer of ureter?

A

inner longitudinal and outer circular layer of smooth muscle

75
Q

What is the adventitia layer of ureter?

A

connective tissue

76
Q

What are the 3 layers of urinary bladder?

A

1) mucosa
2) detrusor muscle (thick muscular layer)
3) fibrous adventitia

77
Q

What does the detrusor muscle do?

A

contraction of this muscle squeezes urine from bladder during urination

78
Q

What is the trigone?

A

triangular region in posterior wall of bladder which is defined by openings of the 2 ureters and urethra

79
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

collapsible musclular sac that stores and expels urine

80
Q

Where does an empty bladder lie?

A

lies entirely within pelvis

81
Q

Where does a full bladder?

A

expands into lower abdominal cavity and becomes spherical and mucosa rugae flatten out

82
Q

What is the epithelium of the ureters?

A

transitional epithelium

83
Q

What is the epithelium of the bladder?

A

transitional epithelium

84
Q

What is the epithelium of the proximal urethra?

A

transitional epithelium

85
Q

What is the epithelium of the mid-urethra (males)?

A

stratified and pseudostratified columnar

86
Q

What is the epithelium of the distal urethra?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

87
Q

Where is the prostate gland in males?

A

lies directly inferior to bladder and surrounds urethra

88
Q

What are the 3 regions of the male urethra?

A

1) prostatic urethra - passes through prostate gland
2) membranous urethra - passes through urogenital diaphragm
3) spongy (penile) urethra - passes through length of penis

89
Q

What is the internal urethral sphincter?

A

involuntary smooth muscle that keeps urethra closed when urine not being passed

90
Q

What is the external urethral sphincter?

A
  • skeletal muscle sphincter inhibits urination until person is ready to urinate
  • muscle is voluntarily relaxed which enables urination
91
Q

What is the urogenital diaphragm?

A

sheet of muscle that surrounds urethra

92
Q

What is micturition?

A

act of urinating

93
Q

What are the steps of micturition?

A

1) bladder fills and stretch receptors send messages
2) micturition response initiated
3) contraction of detrusor muscle and opening of internal urethral sphincter
4) sympathetic efferents to bladder inhibited
5) somatic motor efferent to external urethral sphincter inhibited –> voluntary muscle and pee

94
Q

What is urinary tract infection?

A
  • common in females

- burning sensation during micturition

95
Q

What is renal calculi?

A

kidney stones

96
Q

What gender is bladder cancer more common in?

A

more common in men

97
Q

What is kidney cancer?

A

arises from epithelial cells of urine tubules

98
Q

How are kidneys and bladder affected by age?

A
  • nephrons decrease in size and number
  • tubules less efficient at secretion and reabsorption
  • filtration declines
  • recognition of desire to urinate delayed
  • loss of muscle tone in bladder

IB 131 Midterm 3 (11 decks)

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