T18 Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 lateral surface features (cell junctions which bind epithelial cells together)?
A
1) adhesion proteins
2) contours
3) special cell junctions
2
Q
What do adhesion proteins do?
A
link plasma membranes of adjacent cells
3
Q
What are the 4 cell junctions of epithelial cells?
A
1) tight junctions (zona occludens)
2) adhesive belt junctions (zonula adherens)
3) desmosomes
4) gap junctions
4
Q
How do tight junctions close off intercellular space?
A
some proteins in plasma membrane of adjacent cells are fused, which forms a seal that closes off the intercellular space
5
Q
Where are tight junctions found?
A
- found at atypical region of most epithelial tissue types
- belt-like junction extends around periphery of each cell
6
Q
What is the purpose of tight junctions?
A
-close off intercellular space to prevent certain molecules from passing between cells of epithelial tissue
7
Q
What do leaky tight junctions selectively allow through?
A
certain types of ions and molecules
8
Q
What do tighter tight junctions not allow through?
A
ex) tight junctions in epithelial lining of intestinal tract which keep digestive enzymes and intestinal microbes from seeping into bloodstream
9
Q
Where are adhesive belt junctions located?
A
located just below tight junctions in epithelial tissues
10
Q
What are transmembrane linker proteins in adhesive belt junctions?
A
attach to actin microfilaments of cytoskeleton and bind adjacent cells
11
Q
How do adhesive belt junctions help tight junctions?
A
reinforces tight junctions particularly when the tissues are stretched
12
Q
What do adhesive belt junctions and tight junctions make together?
A
form the tight junctional complex around apical lateral borders of epithelial tissues
13
Q
What are desmosomes
A
anchoring junctions which bind adjacent cells together and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers
14
Q
where are desmosomes located?
A
scattered along abutting sides of adjacent cells
15
Q
What does the cytoplasmic side of each plasma membrane have?
A
plaque
16
Q
What are plaques of adjacent cells joined by?
A
joined by intercellular linker glycoproteins (cadherins)
17
Q
Where are desmosomes common?
A
common in cardiac muscle and epithelial tissue
18
Q
What are gap junctions?
A
hollow cylinders of protein which connect cells
19
Q
What do gap junctions allow through and to where?
A
allow ions and small molecules to move directly between neighboring cells
20
Q
What kind of communication do gap junctions function in?
A
function in inTERcellular communication
21
Q
What are the 3 types of rods that make up the cytoskeleton network?
A
1) microtubules
2) microfilaments
3) intermediate filaments
22
Q
What are microtubules?
A
cylindrical structures made of proteins
23
Q
What are microfilaments?
A
filaments of contractile protein actin
24
Q
What are intermediate filaments?
A
protein fibers
25
What are microvilli?
fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells
26
What does each microvillus contain?
contains a core of actin filaments that extend into the actin microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
27
What is the function of actin filaments in each microvillus?
function to stiffen the microvillus to resist abrasion
28
What is the function of microvilli?
maximize surface area across which small molecules can be secreted and/or absorbed
29
Where is microvilli in the body?
occur in almost every moist epithelium of the body
30
Where are the most microvilli and why?
most abundant and longest in epithelia of small intestine (nutrient digestion and absorption) and kidney (ion transport)
31
What are cilia?
whiplike, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes of certain cells
32
What do cilia contain?
a core of 9 pairs (doublets) of microtubules encircling one middle pair
33
What are dynein arms?
motor proteins attached to doublets
34
How are the outer doublets and middle pair held together?
by cross-linking proteins and radial spokes
35
What does each cilium produce?
a propulsive power stroke followed by a nonpropulsive recovery stroke
36
What is the purpose of the sequence of strokes of cilia?
assures that liquids (mucus) in respiratory tract is moved in one direction
37
What can damage cilia?
air pollution and cigarette smoke
38
What is Kartagener's Syndrome?
an inherited disease which is a type of immotile cilia syndrome b/c the dynein arms within cilia fail to form
39
What does Kartagener's Syndrome lead to?
leads to nonfunctional cilia that can't sweep inhaled pathogens and excess mucus out of the respiratory tubes
40
What are endocrine glands?
ductless glands that produce and secrete hormones (messenger molecules) into blood
41
What do ducts carry to epithelial surface?
ducts carry products of exocrine glands to epithelial surface
42
What are examples of exocrine glands?
- mucus-secreting glands
- sweat and oil glands
- salivary glands
- liver and pacreas that produce digestive fluids
43
What are goblet cells?
unicellular exocrine glands which produce mucin
44
What are the 2 components of mucus?
mucin and water
45
What does mucus do?
protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces
46
What are the 2 basic parts of multicellular exocrine glands?
1) epithelium-walled duct
| 2) secretory unit
47
How are multicellular exocrine glands classified?
classified by structure of duct
- simple
- compound (compound branching)
48
How are multicellular exocrine glands categorized?
categorized by secretory unit
- tubular (form tubular sacs)
- alveolar (form spherical sacs)
- tubuloalveolar
49
What is the basal lamina?
non-cellular supporting sheet between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue
50
What does the basal lamina consist of?
consists of proteins secreted by epithelial cells
51
What does the basal lamina act as?
selective filter and scaffolding
52
How does the basal lamina act as a selective filter?
determines which molecules from connective tissue capillaries enter the epithelium
53
How does the basal lamina act as scaffolding?
acts as scaffolding along whcih regenerating epithelial cells can populate
54
What forms the basement membrane?
basal lamina and reticular layers of connective tissue
55
What happens to the basement membranes in people with diabetes mellitus?
basement membrane thickens and becomes dysfunctional in kidneys or retinas
56
What are the 2 functions of the respiratory system?
- absorb oxygen from air into blood
| - dispose of CO2 into air from blood
57
What is the conducting zone?
carries air to sites of gas exchange and filters, humidifies, and warms air as it is conducted through nose, mouth, throat, trachea, bronchi, and terminal bronchioles
58
What are some functions of the nose?
- provides an airway for respiration
- moistens and warms air
- filters inhaled air
- resonating chamber for speech
- houses olfactory receptors
59
What causes size variation in the nose?
due to differences in nasal hyaline cartilage (septal and alar cartilages)
60
What are nostrils?
external nares
61
What divides the nasal cavity?
nasal septum
62
What is the nasal cavity continuous with?
continuous with nasopharynx through choanae (posterior tunnel shaped nasal aperatures)
63
Where is the nasal cavity olfactory mucosa?
near roof of nasal cavity
64
What does the olfactory mucosa house?
houses olfactory (smell) receptors
65
What is CN 1?
olfactory nerve
66
Where does CN 1 run through?
runs through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
67
What is the epithelium that moves mucous?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
68
What is the underlying layer in the nasal respiratory mucosa?
lamina propria
69
What type of connective tissue is lamina propria?
areolar connective tissue
70
What is lamina propria richly supplied with?
richly supplied with tubuloalveolar glands
71
What do tubuloalveolar glands (lamina propria) contain?
contain mucous and cells which produce sticky mucus and serous cells that produce watery fluid that contains digestive enzymes
72
What does sticky mucus do?
covers mucosal surface and traps the inhaled bacteria, viruses, pollen, dust, and other debris
73
What bone are the superior and middle nasal conchae part of?
part of ethmoid bone
74
What bone is the inferior nasal conchae part of?
inferior nasal conchae = separate bone
75
How do the conchae function?
resulting turbulence from inhaled air over curved conchae increases amount of contact btwn nasal mucosa and inhaled air --> air particulate matter deflected onto mucus-coated surfaces
76
What are the paranasal sinuses?
extension of nasal cavity that connect to the nasal cavity through meatuses inferior to conchae
77
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
- filled with air --> lighten skull
- help humidify, warm, and filter inhaled air
- can develop sinusitis when infected and full of fluid
78
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
1) maxillary sinuses
2) frontal sinuses
3) ethmoid sinuses
4) sphenoid sinuses
79
What does the pharynx connect?
connects nasal cavity and mouth
80
What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
81
What changes along the length of the pharynx?
type of mucosal lining changes along length of pharynx
82
What type of epithelium is in the nasopharynx?
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium propels mucus
83
Where is the nasopharynx located?
superior to point where food enters
84
What closes off the nasopharynx?
during swalling soft palate and uvula reflect superiorly to close nasopharynx
85
What is the pharyngotypmanic tube?
auditory or eustachean tube (in nasopharynx)
86
What is the tubal tonsil?
posterior to pharyngotympanic tube and provides protection from infection
87
What is the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)?
- defends against pathogens entering air
| - located on posterior wall of nasopharynx
88
What are the fauces in the oropharynx?
arch-like entranceway
89
Where does the oropharynx extend from and to?
extends from soft palate to epiglottis
90
What epithelium is in the oropharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium
91
Do food and air pass through oropharynx?
yes
92
What are the 2 types of tonsils in the oropharynx?
palatine and linual tonsils
93
Where are the palatine tonsils?
lateral walls of fauces
94
Where are the lingual tonsils>
covers posterior surface of tongue
95
Do food and air pass through the laryngopharynx?
yes
96
What epithelium is in the laryngopharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium
97
What is the laryngopharynx continuous with?
continuous with esophagus and larynx
98
What are the functions of the larynx?
- voice production
- provides open airway
- routes air and food into proper channels
99
When is the epiglottis closed?
epiglottis closed during swallowing
100
When is the epiglottis open?
epiglottis open during breathing
101
What is the larynx attached to?
- superiorly attached to hyoid bone
| - inferiorly attached to trachea
102
What is the epithelium of the superior part of larynx?
stratified squamous epithelium
103
What is the epithelium in the part of larynx inferior to vocal cord?
pseudostratified cilitated columnar epithelium (with upward directed power stroke of cilia which helps clear dust trapping mucus)
104
What are the 9 cartilages of larynx?
1) epiglottis
2) thyroid cartilage
3/4) cuneiform cartilages (pair of small cartilage)
5/6) corniculate cartilages (pair of small cartilage)
7/8) arytenoid cartilages (pair of small cartilage)
9) cricoid cartilage
105
What is the larynx innervated by?
recurrent laryngeal nerves (branch of vagus nerve CN X)
106
What are the 2 ligaments of the larynx?
vocal folds and vestibular folds
107
What are vocal folds in larynx?
- true vocal cords
| - act in voice production
108
What are vestibular folds?
- false vocal cords
| - no role in voice production
109
In what gender is the thyroid carilage larger in?
thyroid cartilage larger in men than women
110
How are male vocal cords different from female?
adult males have longer vocal folds and deeper voices than females
111
Where does the trachea descend into?
descends into the mediastinum
112
What is the shape of the cartilage in the trachea?
C-shaped cartilage rings keep airway open
113
What is the epithelium in the trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated columar epithelium
114
What is carina?
marks where trachea divides into two primary bronchi
115
What cartilage are the rings in trachea made of?
hyaline cartilage rings
116
What is the cartilage as main bronchi enter lungs?
cartilage rings replaced with irregular plates of cartilage
117
What is the connective tissue in bronchi?
plates of cartilage
118
What connective tissue is in bronchioles?
elastin
119
What is the epithelium in the trachea and bronchi?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with mucus-producing goblet cells
120
How does the epithelium work in trachea and bronchi?
mucus traps particles and ciliated pseudostratified columar epithelium move mucus and trapped particles toward pharynx
121
What does smooth muscle do in smaller bronchi and bronchioles with sympathetic stimulation?
airways dilate
122
What does smooth muscle do in bronchi and bronchioles with parasympathetic stimulation?
airways constrict to normal baseline diameter
123
What fibers surround each alveoli?
elastic fibers
124
What surrounds alveoli?
capillary beds
125
What is the wall of each alveolus consist of?
single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells (type I cells) that are surrounded by a delicate basal lamina
126
What are Type II cells in alveoli?
cuboidal epithelial cells scattered among the Type I cells and secrete surfactant
127
What is surfactant in alveoli?
reduced surface tension within alveoli to keep them inflated
128
What are alveolar macrophages?
move freely along inner surfaces of alveoli and engulf microbes
129
What are alveolar pores?
interconnect alveoli and equalize air pressure throughout lung
130
What is the respiratory membrane?
fusion of basal lamina of alveolar epithelium and blood capillary endothelium
131
What happens at the respiratory membrane?
O2 and CO2 exchanged
132
What is the function of pulmonary arteries?
deliver oxygen-poor blood to lungs
133
What is the function of pulmonary veins?
carry oxygenated blood to heart
134
What is the parasympathetic effect on the lungs?
constrict bronchial airways
135
What is the sympathetic effect on the lungs?
dilate bronchial airways
136
What is the pleurae?
double-layered sac surrounding each lung
137
What are the 2 layers of the pleurae?
- visceral pleura
| - parietal pleura
138
What is the pleural cavity?
potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae
139
What does the pleurae divide the throacic cavity into?
- central mediastinum
| - 2 lateral pleural compartments
140
What is the ventral respiratory group (VRG)?
- in reticular formation in medulla oblongata
| - pacemaker which generates respiratory rhythm and rate
141
What are 2 other respiratory centers that influence VRG?
-pons respiratory centers
-dorsal repiratory group (DRG)
in medulla oblongata
142
What is the medulla respiratory center influenced by?
input from chemoreceptors that sense the chemistry of blood
143
What are chemoreceptors sensitive to?
rising and falling O2 and CO2 levels
144
Where are central chemoreceptors located?
in medulla oblongata
145
What are peripheral chemoreceptors?
transmission of sensory info to medulla
146
What are the 2 bodies of peripheral chemoreceptors?
- aortic bodies via vagus nerve
| - carotid bodies via glossopharyngeal nerve and possibly also vagus
147
What are the 2 phases of pulmonary ventilation?
- inspiration - inhalation
| - expiration - exhalation
148
What happens during inspiration?
- volume of thoracic cavity increases
- diaphragm flattens and moves inferiorly
- contraction of external intercostal muscles raises ribs upwards
149
What happens during quiet inspiration?
external and internal intercostal muscles function together to stiffen the thoracic wall
150
What kind of process is quiet expiration?
passive process
151
What happens during quiet expiration?
- inspiratory muscles relax
- diaphragm moves superiorly
- volume of thoracic cavity decreases
152
What muscles contribute to deep inspiration?
- scalenes
- sternocleidomastoid
- pectoralis minor
- erector spinae
153
What kind of process is forced expiration?
active process
154
Which muscles contract during forced expiration?
- internal and external oblique muscles
- transverse abdominis muscles
- latissimus dorsi
- internal intercostals
155
What is bronchial asthma?
constriction of bronchiole smooth muscle that results in difficulty breathing
156
What is emphysema?
breaking down of alveolar walls and loss of lung elasticity which results in air trapping
157
What is bronchitis?
infection and inflammation of bronchioles
158
What is bronchiolitis?
infection and inflammation of the bronchioles
159
What is pneumonia?
viral or bacterial infection in lung
