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IB 131 Midterm 3 > T16 Blood > Flashcards

T16 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

an atypical connective tissue

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2
Q

Where does blood develop from?

A

blood develops from mesenchyme

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of blood?

A
  • red blood cells
  • platelets
  • white blood cells in liquid fluid matrix
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4
Q

What is the function of blood?

A
  • transport respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
  • helps regulate body temp
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5
Q

What is blood circulation powered by?

A

powered by the pumping action of the heart

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6
Q

What percent of blood do red blood cells (erythrocytes) make up of blood?

A

45% of blood = RBCs

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7
Q

What percent of blood is made up by leukocytes and platelets?

A

<1% of blood = leukocytes and platelets

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8
Q

What percent of blood is made up by plasma?

A

55% of blood = plasma

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9
Q

What is hematocrit a measure of?

A

hematocrit = measure of % RBC volume in blood

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10
Q

What is the hematocrit in males and females?

A
  • males 47%

- females 42%

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11
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood that LACKS RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets

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12
Q

What is blood plasma mainly made of?

A

~90% water

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13
Q

What kind of molecules does blood plasma have?

A
  • ions (Na and Cl)
  • nutrients: sugars, lipids, amino acids, and proteins
  • proteins
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14
Q

What are the 3 main proteins in blood plasma?

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
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15
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes (RBC’s)?

A

pick up O2 at lung capillaries and release O2 across other tissue capillaries

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16
Q

What don’t erythrocytes have?

A

have no organelles or nuclei

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17
Q

What carries oxygen in erythrocytes?

A

hemoclobin

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18
Q

How do erythrocytes get its red color?

A

oxidation of iron atoms in hemoglobin molecules gives blood its red color

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19
Q

How are erythrocytes useful for comparison to other structures?

A

erythrocytes = ideal measuring tool for estimating sizes of nearby structures

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20
Q

What are the structural characteristics that contribute to respiratory function?

A
  • biconcave shape –> 30% more surface area

- lack mitochondria and do not consume O2 they pick up

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21
Q

What is another common name for leukocytes?

A

white blood cells (WBC’s)

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22
Q

Where do leukocytes originate in?

A

originate in bone marrow

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23
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

protect the body from infectious microorganisms

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24
Q

Where do leukocytes function?

A

function outside bloodstream in loose connective tissue where they move in amoeboid fashion

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25
What is diapedesis?
circulating leukocytes leave capillaries and venules by actively squeezing ebtween the endothelial cells
26
What are the 2 types of leukocytes?
1) granulocytes | 2) arganulocytes
27
What are granulocytes?
contain cytoplasmic granules - neutrophils (50-70%) - eosinophils (1-4%) - basophils (0.5-1%)
28
What are arganulocytes?
lack cytoplasmic granules - lymphocytes (20-45%) - monocytes(3-8%)
29
What is the most numerous WBC at 50-70%?
neutrophils
30
What is the function of granulocyte neutrophils?
phagocytize and destroy bacteria
31
How many lobes does the nucleus of the neutrophils have?
nucleus has 2-6 lobes
32
What percentage of WBCs is granulocyte eosinophils?
eosinophils compose 1-4% of all WBC's
33
What is the nucleus like in granulocyte eosinophils?
bilobed nucleus
34
What are the features of granulocyte eosinophils?
red cytoplasmic granules
35
What is the function of granulocyte eosinophils?
plays roles in human defense response to 1) allergic reactions and 2) parasitic reactions
36
What percentage of all WBCs is granulocyte basophils?
about 0.5-1% of all leukocytes
37
What is the nucleus like in granulocyte basophils?
nucleus is usually bilobed
38
What do the cytoplasmic granules do in granulocyte basophils?
secrete histamines
39
What is the function of the granulocyte basophils?
- function in inflammation mediation | - similar function to mast cells
40
What percentage of WBC's is arganulocyte monocyte?
3-8% of WBCs
41
What is the largest leukocyte?
agranulocyte monocyte
42
What is the nucleus like in the agranulocyte monocyte?
nucleus is kidney shaped
43
What do agranulocyte monocytes transform into?
transform into macrophages that are phagocytic cells
44
What percent of WBCs is composed of agranulocyte lymphocytes?
20-45% of WBCs
45
What are the most important cells of the immune system?
agranulocyte lymphocytes
46
What are the nuclei like in agranulocyte lymphocytes?
large spherical nuclei stains dark purple
47
What are the functions of agranulocyte lymphocytes?
- effective in fighting infectious organisms | - act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)
48
What are 2 important cells of agranulocyte lymphocytes?
T cells and B cells
49
What do T cells do?
attack foreign cells directly
50
What do B cells do?
multiple to become plasma cells that secrete antibodies
51
What are platelets?
cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes
52
What is the function of platelets?
clotting of blood
53
What is hematopoiesis?
process by which blood cells are formed in red bone marrow
54
Where is the site of hematopoiesis for generation of new blood cells?
red bone marrow: - btwn trabeculae of spongy bone of axial skeleton - pelvic girdle made of 2 hip bones - proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
55
What is the tissue framework of red bone marrow made of?
made of reticular connective tissue rich in reticular fibers that form a complex matrix
56
What reticular cells cover and secrete the reticular fiber network?
fibroblasts
57
_____ run throughout the reticular tissue and blood cells enter ____ via ____ in red marrow?
BLOOD SINUSOIDS run throughout the reticular tissue and blood cells enter THE BLOOD STREAM via SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES in red marrow
58
Reticular tissue of red bone marrow also contains what?
macrophages that extend pseudopods
59
What do the extended pseudopods of macrophages in reticular tissue of red bone marrow do?
capture antigens and clean the blood
60
What kind of cells are in the reticular network and what can they give rise to?
MESENCHYMAL stem cells that can give rise to fat cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and muscle cells
61
What cells make up yellow marrow?
adipose cells
62
Where is yellow marrow located?
located in long bones of adults
63
What state is yellow marrow in?
typically is relatively dormant
64
What cell type do all blood cells originate from?
blood stem cell (multipotent hematopoeitic stem cell)
65
What are the 2 types of blood stem cells?
1) lymphoid stem cells | 2) myeloid stem cells
66
What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?
lymphocytes (B and T cell lymphocytes)
67
What do myeloid stem cells give rise to?
all other blood cells: 1) proerythroblasts 2) myeloblasts 3) monoblasts 4) megakaryoblasts
68
What do proerythroblasts form?
erythrocytes
69
What do myeloblasts form?
granulocytes (eosinophil, basophil, neutrophils)
70
What do monoblasts form?
monocytes
71
What do megakaryoblasts form?
platelets
72
How long are erythrocytes in the reticulocyte stage in blood circulation?
1-2 days
73
What percentage do reticulocytes make up of all erythrocytes?
1-2%
74
What is the life span of erythrocytes?
100-120 days
75
How are platelets formed?
megakaryoblasts form megakaryocytes which break apart into platelets
76
What is Thrombocytopenia?
abnormally low concentration of platelets
77
What is polycythemia?
abornally high level of erythrocytes
78
What is anemia?
low erythrocyte levels (hematocrit) and/or low hemoglobin concentrations
79
What is hemachromatosis?
inherited disorder with abornal excess of iron
80
Is sickle cell disease an inherited condition?
yes
81
What results from sickle cell disease?
results from a defective hemoglobin molecule in erythrocytes
82
What happens to erythrocytes in somone who has sickle cell?
erythrocytes distort into a sickle shape which protects person from malaria since Plasmodium parasite can not enter and replicate in these abnormal shaped cells
83
What is leukemia and what are the 2 main types?
- disorder of leukocytes (cancer) 1) abnormal lymphoblastic cells 2) abnormal myeloblastic cells
84
What happens to the first blood cells by 3 weeks gestation?
first blood cells develop in blood islands of yolk sac
85
What happens to blood cells late in the second month gestation?
liver and spleen take over blood formation
86
What happens by the seventh month gestation for blood cells?
bone marrow becomes major hematopoietic organ

IB 131 Midterm 3 (11 decks)

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