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IB 131 Midterm 3 > T16 Blood > Flashcards

T16 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

an atypical connective tissue

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2
Q

Where does blood develop from?

A

blood develops from mesenchyme

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of blood?

A
  • red blood cells
  • platelets
  • white blood cells in liquid fluid matrix
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4
Q

What is the function of blood?

A
  • transport respiratory gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
  • helps regulate body temp
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5
Q

What is blood circulation powered by?

A

powered by the pumping action of the heart

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6
Q

What percent of blood do red blood cells (erythrocytes) make up of blood?

A

45% of blood = RBCs

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7
Q

What percent of blood is made up by leukocytes and platelets?

A

<1% of blood = leukocytes and platelets

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8
Q

What percent of blood is made up by plasma?

A

55% of blood = plasma

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9
Q

What is hematocrit a measure of?

A

hematocrit = measure of % RBC volume in blood

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10
Q

What is the hematocrit in males and females?

A
  • males 47%

- females 42%

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11
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

straw-colored, sticky fluid portion of blood that LACKS RBC’s, WBC’s, and platelets

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12
Q

What is blood plasma mainly made of?

A

~90% water

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13
Q

What kind of molecules does blood plasma have?

A
  • ions (Na and Cl)
  • nutrients: sugars, lipids, amino acids, and proteins
  • proteins
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14
Q

What are the 3 main proteins in blood plasma?

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
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15
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes (RBC’s)?

A

pick up O2 at lung capillaries and release O2 across other tissue capillaries

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16
Q

What don’t erythrocytes have?

A

have no organelles or nuclei

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17
Q

What carries oxygen in erythrocytes?

A

hemoclobin

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18
Q

How do erythrocytes get its red color?

A

oxidation of iron atoms in hemoglobin molecules gives blood its red color

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19
Q

How are erythrocytes useful for comparison to other structures?

A

erythrocytes = ideal measuring tool for estimating sizes of nearby structures

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20
Q

What are the structural characteristics that contribute to respiratory function?

A
  • biconcave shape –> 30% more surface area

- lack mitochondria and do not consume O2 they pick up

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21
Q

What is another common name for leukocytes?

A

white blood cells (WBC’s)

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22
Q

Where do leukocytes originate in?

A

originate in bone marrow

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23
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

protect the body from infectious microorganisms

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24
Q

Where do leukocytes function?

A

function outside bloodstream in loose connective tissue where they move in amoeboid fashion

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25
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

circulating leukocytes leave capillaries and venules by actively squeezing ebtween the endothelial cells

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of leukocytes?

A

1) granulocytes

2) arganulocytes

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27
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

contain cytoplasmic granules

  • neutrophils (50-70%)
  • eosinophils (1-4%)
  • basophils (0.5-1%)
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28
Q

What are arganulocytes?

A

lack cytoplasmic granules

  • lymphocytes (20-45%)
  • monocytes(3-8%)
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29
Q

What is the most numerous WBC at 50-70%?

A

neutrophils

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30
Q

What is the function of granulocyte neutrophils?

A

phagocytize and destroy bacteria

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31
Q

How many lobes does the nucleus of the neutrophils have?

A

nucleus has 2-6 lobes

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32
Q

What percentage of WBCs is granulocyte eosinophils?

A

eosinophils compose 1-4% of all WBC’s

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33
Q

What is the nucleus like in granulocyte eosinophils?

A

bilobed nucleus

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34
Q

What are the features of granulocyte eosinophils?

A

red cytoplasmic granules

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35
Q

What is the function of granulocyte eosinophils?

A

plays roles in human defense response to 1) allergic reactions and 2) parasitic reactions

36
Q

What percentage of all WBCs is granulocyte basophils?

A

about 0.5-1% of all leukocytes

37
Q

What is the nucleus like in granulocyte basophils?

A

nucleus is usually bilobed

38
Q

What do the cytoplasmic granules do in granulocyte basophils?

A

secrete histamines

39
Q

What is the function of the granulocyte basophils?

A
  • function in inflammation mediation

- similar function to mast cells

40
Q

What percentage of WBC’s is arganulocyte monocyte?

A

3-8% of WBCs

41
Q

What is the largest leukocyte?

A

agranulocyte monocyte

42
Q

What is the nucleus like in the agranulocyte monocyte?

A

nucleus is kidney shaped

43
Q

What do agranulocyte monocytes transform into?

A

transform into macrophages that are phagocytic cells

44
Q

What percent of WBCs is composed of agranulocyte lymphocytes?

A

20-45% of WBCs

45
Q

What are the most important cells of the immune system?

A

agranulocyte lymphocytes

46
Q

What are the nuclei like in agranulocyte lymphocytes?

A

large spherical nuclei stains dark purple

47
Q

What are the functions of agranulocyte lymphocytes?

A
  • effective in fighting infectious organisms

- act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)

48
Q

What are 2 important cells of agranulocyte lymphocytes?

A

T cells and B cells

49
Q

What do T cells do?

A

attack foreign cells directly

50
Q

What do B cells do?

A

multiple to become plasma cells that secrete antibodies

51
Q

What are platelets?

A

cell fragments broken off from megakaryocytes

52
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

clotting of blood

53
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

process by which blood cells are formed in red bone marrow

54
Q

Where is the site of hematopoiesis for generation of new blood cells?

A

red bone marrow:

  • btwn trabeculae of spongy bone of axial skeleton
  • pelvic girdle made of 2 hip bones
  • proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
55
Q

What is the tissue framework of red bone marrow made of?

A

made of reticular connective tissue rich in reticular fibers that form a complex matrix

56
Q

What reticular cells cover and secrete the reticular fiber network?

A

fibroblasts

57
Q

_____ run throughout the reticular tissue and blood cells enter ____ via ____ in red marrow?

A

BLOOD SINUSOIDS run throughout the reticular tissue and blood cells enter THE BLOOD STREAM via SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES in red marrow

58
Q

Reticular tissue of red bone marrow also contains what?

A

macrophages that extend pseudopods

59
Q

What do the extended pseudopods of macrophages in reticular tissue of red bone marrow do?

A

capture antigens and clean the blood

60
Q

What kind of cells are in the reticular network and what can they give rise to?

A

MESENCHYMAL stem cells that can give rise to fat cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and muscle cells

61
Q

What cells make up yellow marrow?

A

adipose cells

62
Q

Where is yellow marrow located?

A

located in long bones of adults

63
Q

What state is yellow marrow in?

A

typically is relatively dormant

64
Q

What cell type do all blood cells originate from?

A

blood stem cell (multipotent hematopoeitic stem cell)

65
Q

What are the 2 types of blood stem cells?

A

1) lymphoid stem cells

2) myeloid stem cells

66
Q

What do lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

lymphocytes (B and T cell lymphocytes)

67
Q

What do myeloid stem cells give rise to?

A

all other blood cells:

1) proerythroblasts
2) myeloblasts
3) monoblasts
4) megakaryoblasts

68
Q

What do proerythroblasts form?

A

erythrocytes

69
Q

What do myeloblasts form?

A

granulocytes (eosinophil, basophil, neutrophils)

70
Q

What do monoblasts form?

A

monocytes

71
Q

What do megakaryoblasts form?

A

platelets

72
Q

How long are erythrocytes in the reticulocyte stage in blood circulation?

A

1-2 days

73
Q

What percentage do reticulocytes make up of all erythrocytes?

A

1-2%

74
Q

What is the life span of erythrocytes?

A

100-120 days

75
Q

How are platelets formed?

A

megakaryoblasts form megakaryocytes which break apart into platelets

76
Q

What is Thrombocytopenia?

A

abnormally low concentration of platelets

77
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

abornally high level of erythrocytes

78
Q

What is anemia?

A

low erythrocyte levels (hematocrit) and/or low hemoglobin concentrations

79
Q

What is hemachromatosis?

A

inherited disorder with abornal excess of iron

80
Q

Is sickle cell disease an inherited condition?

A

yes

81
Q

What results from sickle cell disease?

A

results from a defective hemoglobin molecule in erythrocytes

82
Q

What happens to erythrocytes in somone who has sickle cell?

A

erythrocytes distort into a sickle shape which protects person from malaria since Plasmodium parasite can not enter and replicate in these abnormal shaped cells

83
Q

What is leukemia and what are the 2 main types?

A
  • disorder of leukocytes (cancer)
    1) abnormal lymphoblastic cells
    2) abnormal myeloblastic cells
84
Q

What happens to the first blood cells by 3 weeks gestation?

A

first blood cells develop in blood islands of yolk sac

85
Q

What happens to blood cells late in the second month gestation?

A

liver and spleen take over blood formation

86
Q

What happens by the seventh month gestation for blood cells?

A

bone marrow becomes major hematopoietic organ

IB 131 Midterm 3 (11 decks)

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