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IB 131 Midterm 3 > T17 Endocrine > Flashcards

T17 Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

study of hormones and endocrine glands

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

system of ductless endocrine glands secrete hormones into blood

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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

messenger molecules that travel in the blood

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4
Q

What are pure endocrine organs?

A
  • pituitary
  • pineal
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal glands
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5
Q

What are the 2 endocrine organs?

A
  • pure endocrine organs

- organs containing endocrine cells that also have other functions

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6
Q

What are the organs containing endocrine cells that also have other functions?

A
  • pancreas
  • thymus
  • gonads
  • hypothalamus
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7
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

located on the roof of the diencephalon

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8
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

synthesizes and secretes melatonin

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9
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

secretes different hormones

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10
Q

What is the pituitary gland attached to?

A

attached to hypothalamus

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11
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the pituitary gland?

A

1) adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

2) neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)

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12
Q

What are the 3 divisons of the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)?

A

1) pars distalis
2) pars internmedia
3) pars tuberalis

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13
Q

Whare are the 2 major divisions of the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)?

A

1) pars nervosa

2) infundibulum

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14
Q

What do the hypothalamic neuron cell bodies synthesize?

A

oxytocin (paraventricular nucleus) and ADH (supraoptic nucleus)

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15
Q

How are oxytocin and ADH transported?

A

transported in axons through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior lobe

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16
Q

What happens to oxytocin and ADH in the posterior lobes?

A

oxytocin and ADH stored in and released from axon terminals into the blood

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17
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system of the anterior pituitary?

A

specialized set of blood vessels which deliver releasing hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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18
Q

What do hypothalamic neurons release in the hypophyseal portal system?

A

release hormones into the primary capillary plexus

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19
Q

What carries hormones to the secondary capillary plexus in the hypophyseal portal system of anterior pituitary?

A

hormones carried by hypophyseal portal veins

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20
Q

What happens after the secondary capillary plexus in the hypophyseal portal system of anterior pituitary?

A

move out of capillaries and influence anterior pituitary cells to secrete hormones which move into the secondary capillary plexus and into the general blood circulation

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland pars distalis?

A
  • tropic hormones

- hormones that act directly on non-endocrine target tissues

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22
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

regulate hormone secretion by other glands

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23
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

located in anterior neck

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24
Q

What is the largest pure endocrine gland?

A

thyroid gland

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25
What is the thyroid gland composed of?
composed of follicles and areolar connective tissue
26
What are the 2 hormones that the thyroid gland produces?
- thyroid hormone (TH) | - calcitonin
27
What is thyroid hormone (TH)?
- produced by follicular cells | - dietary iodine = necessary for normal thyroid hormone production
28
What is calcitonin?
- produced by parafollicular cells | - decreases Ca2+ in blood
29
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
lie on posterior surface of the thyroid gland
30
What 2 types of endocrine cells do the parathyroid glands contain?
- chief cells | - oxyphil cells
31
What is the function of chief cells?
produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases Ca2+ in the blood
32
How does parathyroid hormone increase Calcium in blood?
- stimulate osteoclasts to release more Ca2+ from bone - decreases excretion of Ca2+ by kidney - activates vitamin D, which stimulates the uptake of Ca2+ by the intestine
33
What are the adrenal (supranrenal) glands and where are they located?
pyramid-shaped glands located on superior surface of each kidney
34
What does the nerve supply include for the adrenal glands?
nerve supply includes sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla
35
What do the adrenal glands do?
adrenal hormones help one cope with danger, terror, or stress
36
What is the adrenal medulla?
a cluster of neurons
37
Where is the adrenal medulla?
derived from neural crest
38
What is the adrenal cortex?
forms the bulk of the gland
39
What is the adrenal cortex derived from?
derived from somatic mesoderm
40
What are chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla?
modified ganglionic sympathetic neurons
41
What is the function of chromaffin clels of the adrenal medulla?
- secrete hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine | - enhance "fight or flight" response that increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates bronchioles
42
What are the 3 layers (zones) of the adrenal cortex that secrete steroid hormones?
- zona glomerulosa - zona fasciulata - zona reticularis
43
What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?
secretes mineralocorticoid aldosterone that maintains blood pressure
44
What does zona fasciculata secrete?
secretes glucocorticoid cortisol
45
What does zona reticularis secrete?
secretes glucocorticoid corisol and androgen DHEA
46
What is the adrenal gland response to short term sterss?
preganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to produce epinephrine and norepinephrine
47
What is the adrenal gland response to prolonged stress?
increases mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
48
What is the function of mineralocorticoids in long term stress response?
- retention of Na+ and H20 by kidneys | - increased blood volume and blood pressure
49
What is the function of glucocorticoids in long term stress response?
- proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose and used for energy - increased blood glucose - suppression of immune system
50
Where is the pancreas located?
in the posterior abdominal wall
51
What are the 2 types of cells that the pancreas has?
exocrine and endocrine cells
52
What are exocrine cells?
acinar clels which secrete digestive enzymes
53
What are endocrine cells?
contained within spherical bodies called pancreatic islets
54
What are the 3 main endocrine cell types in the pancreas?
alpha, beta, and delta cells
55
What do alpha cells secrete?
secrete glucagon
56
What is the function of glucagon?
signals liver to release glucose from glycogen that raises blood sugar
57
What do beta cells secrete?
secrete insulin
58
What is the function of insulin?
signals many body cells to take up glucose from the blood that lowers blood glucose
59
What do delta cells secrete?
secrete somatostatin
60
What is the function of somatostatin?
inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon
61
What do F cells secrete?
secrete pancreatic polypeptide
62
What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?
inhibit exocrine activity of pancreas
63
Where is the thymus located?
located in lower neck and anterior thorax
64
What is the site that T-lymph cells mature?
thymus
65
What are gonads?
ovaries and testes produce steroid sex hormones
66
What do the male testes secrete?
interstitial cells secrete androgens (primarily testosterone)
67
What do androgens do?
promote the formation of sperm and maintains secondary sex characteristics
68
What is the purpose of estrogen?
maintains secondary sex characteristics
69
What is the purpose of progesterone?
prepares uterus for pregnancy
70
What do gonads release?
release hormones made of protein complexes that influence gonadotropin secretion
71
What are the 3 gonad glycoprotein hormones?
inhibin, activin, follistatin
72
What does inhibin do?
acts directly on pituitary to selectively suppress the secretion of FSH
73
What does activin do?
opposes the action of inhibin and stimulates release of FSH
74
What does follistatin do?
binds to activin and blocks its action, which can indirectly contribute to inhibition of FSH
75
What are the 2 types of kidney endocrine cells?
- cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) | - endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries
76
What do the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) secrete?
renin
77
What does renin do?
signals adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone that increases retention of sodium in blood which increases BP
78
What do the endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries secrete?
erythropoletin
79
What does erythropoietin do?
signals the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells
80
What hormone is released by heart atria?
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
81
What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
stimulates kidney to secrete salt into urine which decreases both sodium concentration and blood pressure
82
What endocrine cells are in the GI tract?
enteroendocrine cells
83
What is the purpose of endocrine cells in the placenta?
sustains the fetus and secretes several steroid hormones
84
What is the purpose of endocrine cells in the skin?
modified cholesterol molecules convert to a precursor of vit D

IB 131 Midterm 3 (11 decks)

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