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IB 131 Midterm 3 > T17 Endocrine > Flashcards

T17 Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

study of hormones and endocrine glands

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2
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

system of ductless endocrine glands secrete hormones into blood

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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

messenger molecules that travel in the blood

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4
Q

What are pure endocrine organs?

A
  • pituitary
  • pineal
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal glands
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5
Q

What are the 2 endocrine organs?

A
  • pure endocrine organs

- organs containing endocrine cells that also have other functions

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6
Q

What are the organs containing endocrine cells that also have other functions?

A
  • pancreas
  • thymus
  • gonads
  • hypothalamus
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7
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

located on the roof of the diencephalon

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8
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

synthesizes and secretes melatonin

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9
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

secretes different hormones

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10
Q

What is the pituitary gland attached to?

A

attached to hypothalamus

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11
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the pituitary gland?

A

1) adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

2) neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)

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12
Q

What are the 3 divisons of the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)?

A

1) pars distalis
2) pars internmedia
3) pars tuberalis

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13
Q

Whare are the 2 major divisions of the neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)?

A

1) pars nervosa

2) infundibulum

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14
Q

What do the hypothalamic neuron cell bodies synthesize?

A

oxytocin (paraventricular nucleus) and ADH (supraoptic nucleus)

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15
Q

How are oxytocin and ADH transported?

A

transported in axons through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior lobe

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16
Q

What happens to oxytocin and ADH in the posterior lobes?

A

oxytocin and ADH stored in and released from axon terminals into the blood

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17
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system of the anterior pituitary?

A

specialized set of blood vessels which deliver releasing hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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18
Q

What do hypothalamic neurons release in the hypophyseal portal system?

A

release hormones into the primary capillary plexus

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19
Q

What carries hormones to the secondary capillary plexus in the hypophyseal portal system of anterior pituitary?

A

hormones carried by hypophyseal portal veins

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20
Q

What happens after the secondary capillary plexus in the hypophyseal portal system of anterior pituitary?

A

move out of capillaries and influence anterior pituitary cells to secrete hormones which move into the secondary capillary plexus and into the general blood circulation

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of hormones produced by anterior pituitary gland pars distalis?

A
  • tropic hormones

- hormones that act directly on non-endocrine target tissues

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22
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

regulate hormone secretion by other glands

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23
Q

Where is the thyroid gland?

A

located in anterior neck

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24
Q

What is the largest pure endocrine gland?

A

thyroid gland

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25
Q

What is the thyroid gland composed of?

A

composed of follicles and areolar connective tissue

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26
Q

What are the 2 hormones that the thyroid gland produces?

A
  • thyroid hormone (TH)

- calcitonin

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27
Q

What is thyroid hormone (TH)?

A
  • produced by follicular cells

- dietary iodine = necessary for normal thyroid hormone production

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28
Q

What is calcitonin?

A
  • produced by parafollicular cells

- decreases Ca2+ in blood

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29
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

lie on posterior surface of the thyroid gland

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30
Q

What 2 types of endocrine cells do the parathyroid glands contain?

A
  • chief cells

- oxyphil cells

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31
Q

What is the function of chief cells?

A

produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases Ca2+ in the blood

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32
Q

How does parathyroid hormone increase Calcium in blood?

A
  • stimulate osteoclasts to release more Ca2+ from bone
  • decreases excretion of Ca2+ by kidney
  • activates vitamin D, which stimulates the uptake of Ca2+ by the intestine
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33
Q

What are the adrenal (supranrenal) glands and where are they located?

A

pyramid-shaped glands located on superior surface of each kidney

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34
Q

What does the nerve supply include for the adrenal glands?

A

nerve supply includes sympathetic fibers to adrenal medulla

35
Q

What do the adrenal glands do?

A

adrenal hormones help one cope with danger, terror, or stress

36
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

a cluster of neurons

37
Q

Where is the adrenal medulla?

A

derived from neural crest

38
Q

What is the adrenal cortex?

A

forms the bulk of the gland

39
Q

What is the adrenal cortex derived from?

A

derived from somatic mesoderm

40
Q

What are chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla?

A

modified ganglionic sympathetic neurons

41
Q

What is the function of chromaffin clels of the adrenal medulla?

A
  • secrete hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine

- enhance “fight or flight” response that increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates bronchioles

42
Q

What are the 3 layers (zones) of the adrenal cortex that secrete steroid hormones?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciulata
  • zona reticularis
43
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

secretes mineralocorticoid aldosterone that maintains blood pressure

44
Q

What does zona fasciculata secrete?

A

secretes glucocorticoid cortisol

45
Q

What does zona reticularis secrete?

A

secretes glucocorticoid corisol and androgen DHEA

46
Q

What is the adrenal gland response to short term sterss?

A

preganglionic sympathetic fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to produce epinephrine and norepinephrine

47
Q

What is the adrenal gland response to prolonged stress?

A

increases mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

48
Q

What is the function of mineralocorticoids in long term stress response?

A
  • retention of Na+ and H20 by kidneys

- increased blood volume and blood pressure

49
Q

What is the function of glucocorticoids in long term stress response?

A
  • proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose and used for energy
  • increased blood glucose
  • suppression of immune system
50
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

in the posterior abdominal wall

51
Q

What are the 2 types of cells that the pancreas has?

A

exocrine and endocrine cells

52
Q

What are exocrine cells?

A

acinar clels which secrete digestive enzymes

53
Q

What are endocrine cells?

A

contained within spherical bodies called pancreatic islets

54
Q

What are the 3 main endocrine cell types in the pancreas?

A

alpha, beta, and delta cells

55
Q

What do alpha cells secrete?

A

secrete glucagon

56
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

signals liver to release glucose from glycogen that raises blood sugar

57
Q

What do beta cells secrete?

A

secrete insulin

58
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

signals many body cells to take up glucose from the blood that lowers blood glucose

59
Q

What do delta cells secrete?

A

secrete somatostatin

60
Q

What is the function of somatostatin?

A

inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon

61
Q

What do F cells secrete?

A

secrete pancreatic polypeptide

62
Q

What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?

A

inhibit exocrine activity of pancreas

63
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

located in lower neck and anterior thorax

64
Q

What is the site that T-lymph cells mature?

A

thymus

65
Q

What are gonads?

A

ovaries and testes produce steroid sex hormones

66
Q

What do the male testes secrete?

A

interstitial cells secrete androgens (primarily testosterone)

67
Q

What do androgens do?

A

promote the formation of sperm and maintains secondary sex characteristics

68
Q

What is the purpose of estrogen?

A

maintains secondary sex characteristics

69
Q

What is the purpose of progesterone?

A

prepares uterus for pregnancy

70
Q

What do gonads release?

A

release hormones made of protein complexes that influence gonadotropin secretion

71
Q

What are the 3 gonad glycoprotein hormones?

A

inhibin, activin, follistatin

72
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

acts directly on pituitary to selectively suppress the secretion of FSH

73
Q

What does activin do?

A

opposes the action of inhibin and stimulates release of FSH

74
Q

What does follistatin do?

A

binds to activin and blocks its action, which can indirectly contribute to inhibition of FSH

75
Q

What are the 2 types of kidney endocrine cells?

A
  • cells of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

- endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries

76
Q

What do the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) secrete?

A

renin

77
Q

What does renin do?

A

signals adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone that increases retention of sodium in blood which increases BP

78
Q

What do the endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries secrete?

A

erythropoletin

79
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

signals the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

80
Q

What hormone is released by heart atria?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

81
Q

What is the function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

A

stimulates kidney to secrete salt into urine which decreases both sodium concentration and blood pressure

82
Q

What endocrine cells are in the GI tract?

A

enteroendocrine cells

83
Q

What is the purpose of endocrine cells in the placenta?

A

sustains the fetus and secretes several steroid hormones

84
Q

What is the purpose of endocrine cells in the skin?

A

modified cholesterol molecules convert to a precursor of vit D

IB 131 Midterm 3 (11 decks)

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