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IB 131 Midterm 3 > T14 Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

T14 Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ANS?

A

visceral motor neuron

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2
Q

What does the ANS innervate?

A

smooth muscle in organs and blood vessels, cardiac muscle, glands

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3
Q

What are the 2 motor systems of the ANS?

A

autonomic motor system and somatic motor system

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4
Q

What does the autonomic motor system consist of?

A

preganglionic neuron, postganglionic neuron, and proganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse in a ganglion

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5
Q

What are the axons in somatic motor system like?

A
  • heavily myelinated and conduct impulses more rapidly

- have one axon that extends from CNS to the muscle

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6
Q

What is an example of the somatic nervous system?

A

skeletal muscle

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division?

A

they innervate mostly the same structures, but cause opposite effects

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8
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A
  • Fight, flight, or fright response
  • Increase heart rate and breathing rate
  • Increases blood and oxygen to skeletal muscles
  • Dilates pupils
  • Dilates airways
  • Inhibits motility of the digestive tract and urinary tracts
  • Stimulates sweat glands
  • Stimulates arrector pili muscles which causes hairs to stand up
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9
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?

A
  • Active when person is relaxed and body is at rest
  • Conserves energy
  • Heart rate and breathing are at normal levels
  • Gastrointestinal tract with normal motility and normal digestive enzyme production
  • Pupils are constricted
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10
Q

Do the SNS and PSN issue from different or same regions of CNS?

A

different

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11
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic?

A

Thoracolumbar division

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12
Q

What is another name for the Parasympathetic?

A

Craniosacral division

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13
Q

What are the differences in length of postganglionic axon fibers in the SNS and PNS?

A

– Sympathetic: often longer because ganglia are typically close to CNS
– Parasympathetic: short because ganglia are close to viscera

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14
Q

What are the differences in branching of postganglionic axons in the SNS and PNS?

A

– Sympathetic axons—may be highly branched

– Parasympathetic axons—few branches

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15
Q

What are the differences in the neurotransmitters released by the SNS and PNS?

A
  • Sympathetic: release norepinephrine (adrenergic)

* Parasympathetic: release acetylcholine (cholinergic)

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16
Q

What nerves does the cranial outflow come from in the PNS?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X in brainstem

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17
Q

What does the cranial outflow of PNS innervate?

A

organs of the head, neck, thorax, and most of abdomen

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18
Q

Where does the sacral outflow of the PNS from S2-S4 come from?

A

from visceral motor region of ventral gray matter in spine

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19
Q

What innervates the sacral outflow of PNS innervate?

A

distal half of large intestine, reproductive organs and erectile tissue in external genitalia

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20
Q

What is the order of the cranial outflow of preganglionic fibers in the PNS?

A

–Oculomotor nerve (III)
– Facial nerve (VII)
–Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
–Vagus nerve (X)

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21
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic cranial nerves located (PNS)?

A

cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem

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22
Q

Where are the ganglionic cell bodies located in PNS?

A

near viscera/organs/tissues being innervated

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23
Q

What is the path of the vagus nerve (CN X) through the PNS nerve plexuses?

A
  • Nerve plexus = network of nerves
  • Cardiac plexus
  • Pulmonary plexus
  • Esophageal plexus
  • Celiac plexus
  • Superior mesenteric plexus
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24
Q

Where does the sacral outflow emerge?

A

S2-S4

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25
What organs does the sacral outflow innervate?
Innervates organs of the pelvis and lower abdomen and stimulates defecation, urination, and erection
26
Where are the preganglionic cell bodies located in sacral outflow?
Visceral motor region of spinal gray matter
27
How do the axons run in sacral outflow?
in ventral roots to ventral rami and form pelvic splanchnic nerves
28
What plexus doe the sacral outflow run through?
inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus
29
Where does the SNS issue from?
T1-L2
30
What do the preganglionic fibers emerge from in SNS?
lateral gray horn in spinal cord
31
What dies the sympathetic division do?
Supplies visceral organs and structures of superficial body regions
32
How does the # of ganglion compare between SNS and PNS?
SNS contains more ganglia
33
Where is the sympathetic trunk ganglia located?
Both sides of the vertebral column
34
What is the sympathetic trunk ganglia linked by?
Short nerves into sympathetic trunks
35
What is another name of sympathetic trunk ganglia?
Chain ganglia or paravertebral ganglia
36
What is the path through which sympathetic neurons in thoracolumbar spinal cord send axons through trunk ganglia for preganglionic axon??
* Ventral root * Ventral ramus of spinal nerve * White ramus communicans * Associated sympathetic trunk ganglion
37
What is the path through which sympathetic neurons in thoracolumbar spinal cord send axons through trunk ganglia for postganglionic axon??
* Gray ramus communicans | * Ventral ramus of spinal nerve
38
What do the white rami communicanscontain?
lightly myelinated preganglionic fibers traveling to sympathetic trunk ganglia
39
What do the gray rami communicans contain?
Unmyelinated postganglionic fibers traveling from ganglia to peripheral structures2
40
How many pathways are there for sympathetic preganglionic axons to follow?
3
41
What is pathway 1 for sympathetic preganglionic axons?
1. Synapses with a postganglionic neuron at the same level and exit on a spinal nerve at that level
42
What is pathway 2 for sympathetic preganglionic axons?
2. Axon ascends or descends in the sympathetic trunk to synapse in another ganglion
43
What is pathway 3 for sympathetic preganglionic axons?
3. Axon does not synapse in the sympathetic trunk but instead passes through and exits in a splanchnic nerve and synapses in a collateral ganglion from which a postganglionic axon extends to the visceral organ
44
What are splanchinic nerves?
Nerves of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system that innervate viscera and blood vessels
45
What does splanchnic mean?
organ or viscera in Greek
46
How does pathway 3 (collateral prevertebral ganglia) differ from the sympathetic trunk? (3 ways)
1 Unpaired, not segmentally arranged 2 Occur only in abdomen and pelvis 3 Lie anterior to the vertebral column
47
What are 4 parts of the sympathetic collateral ganglia?
1• Celiac 2• Superior mesenteric 3• Inferior mesenteric 4• Inferior hypogastric (pelvic)
48
What are the 7 parts of sympathetic ganglia?
``` 1• Superior cervical 2• Middle cervical 3• Inferior cervical 4• Celiac 5• Superior mesentery 6• Inferior mesentery 7• Hypogastric (pelvic) ``` (See diagram in slides to understand more)
49
Where do preganglionic fibers to the head originate?
Spinal cord T1-T4
50
Where do preganglionic fibers to the head ascend?
Sympathetic trunk
51
Where do preganglionic fibers to the head synapse?
Superior cervical ganglion
52
What does the postganglionic fibers to the head associate with?
Eye, lacrimal gland, nasal mucosa, salivary glands
53
Where do the preganglionic fibers to thoracic organs originate?
Spinal levels T1-T6
54
Where do preganglionic fibers to thoracic organs synapse?
in nearest sympathetic trunk ganglion and the postganglionic fibers run to heart, lungs and esophagus
55
What are the functions for the sympathetic pathways to the thoracic organs?
– Increase heart rate – Dilate blood vessels to the heart wall – Dilate bronchioles – Inhibit muscles and glands in the esophagus and digestive system
56
Where do preganglionic fibers to abdominal organs originate from?
Spinal cord T5-L2
57
What do preganglionic fibers to abdominal organs path through?
adjacent sympathetic trunk ganglia then travel in splanchnic nerves
58
Where do preganglionic fibers to abdominal organs synapse?
collateral ganglia (celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia) in abdomen
59
Where do the preganglionic fibers to pelvic organs originate?
in the spinal cord from T10–L2
60
What do preganglionic fibers to pelvic organs path through?
pass directly to autonomic plexuses and synapse in collateral ganglia, inferior mesenteric or inferior hypogastric (pelvic) ganglia
61
Where do preganglionic fibers to pelvic organs go to after the autonomic plexuses?
to the bladder, reproductive organs, and distal large intestine
62
Where do preganglionic fibers to pelvic organs synapse?
descend in the sympathetic trunk to lumbar and sacral ganglia
63
Postganglionic fibers to the pelvic organs run form where to where?
in lumbar and sacral nerves to inferior mesenteric, aortic and hypogastric plexuses
64
What is the adrenal medulla in sympathetic division?
major organ of the sympathetic nervous system
65
What does the adrenal medulla in sympathetic division constitute?
largest sympathetic ganglia
66
What does the adrenal medulla in sympathetic divisions secrete?
large quantities of norepinephrine and epinephrine (= adrenaline) to produce a widespread excitatory response, the "surge of adrenaline"
67
What stimulates the adrenal medulla in sympathetic divisions to secrete?
preganglionic sympathetic fibers carried in thoracic splanchnic nerve
68
What organs are the central nervous system control of the autonomic nervous system?
* Cerebral cortex * Amygdala * Hypothalamus * Brainstem * Spinal cord
69
What does the spinal cord control in the ANS?
Visceral spinal reflexes
70
What are the visceral spinal reflexes that the spinal cord controls in the ANS?
* Urination reflex * Defecation reflex * Erection reflex * Ejaculation/orgasm reflex
71
What exerts direct influence over autonomic functions?
Reticular formation of the brainstem
72
What is the reticular formation of the brainstem made up of?
Medulla oblongata and Pariaqueductal gray matter in midbrain
73
What does the medulla oblongata control?
cardiac center, vasomotor center, and digestive activities
74
What does the periaqueductal gray matter in the brain do?
Exerts sympathetic fear response
75
What is the hypothalamus?
main integration center of the autonomic nervous system
76
What are some examples of what the hypothalamus controls?
cardiovascular, | body temperature, digestion
77
How does the hypothalamus exert control?
by influencing preganglionic autonomic neurons in brainstem and spinal cord through direct connections and relays in reticular formation and periaqueductal gray matter
78
What parts direct parasympathetic functions in the hypothalamus?
Medial and anterior
79
What parts direct sympathetic functions in the hypothalamus?
Lateral and posterior
80
What is the amygdala?
The main limbid region for emotions
81
What does the amygdala communicate with?
the hypothalamus and the periaqueductal gray matter can stimulate sympathetic activity, especially previously learned fear-related behavior
82
What is the cerebral frontal cortex responsible for?
exerting some conscious control over some autonomic functions by developing control over one's own thoughts and emotions
83
What does meditation have to do with the cerebral frontal cortex?
Feelings of calm achieved during meditation are associated with cerebral cortex enhancing the parasympathetic centers in the hypothalamus via limbic structures
84
What does a frightful experience have to do with the amygdala
Voluntary recall of a frightful experience can | activate the sympathetic system via the amygdala
85
What are the 2 disorders of the autonomic nervous sytsem?
Raynauds disease and Hypertention
86
What is Raynauds disease and what is it provoked by?
constriction of blood vessels | – Provoked by exposure to cold or by emotional stress
87
What is hypertension and what is it provoked by?
high blood pressure | –Can result from overactive sympathetic vasoconstriction

IB 131 Midterm 3 (11 decks)

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