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IB 131 Midterm 3 > T22 - Lymphatic System > Flashcards

T22 - Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of lymphatic vessels (in general)?

A

to collect tissue fluid and blood proteins from loose connective tissue

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2
Q

What is lymph?

A

tissue fluid within lymphatic vessels?

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3
Q

Where does lymph flow towards?

A

heart only

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4
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

to return excess tissue fluid and blood proteins to the blood vascular system

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5
Q

What is the order of lymphatic vessels from smallest to largest?

A

lymph capillaries, lymphatic collecting vessels, lymph trunks, lymph ducts

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6
Q

What is the role of lymphatic capillaries?

A

to receive tissue fluid from connective tissue

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7
Q

What is the role of lymphatic collecting vessels?

A

to collect fluid from lymph capillaries

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8
Q

How does fluid enter the lymphatic capillaries?

A

increased connective tissue fluid causes mini-valve flaps to open and allow fluid to enter the lymphatic capillaries, and high permeability allows entrance of tissue fluid, protein molecules, bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells

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9
Q

What is the role of lymph nodes?

A

to filter and cleanse the lymph of pathogens which helps fight infection

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10
Q

Where are superficial lymph nodes located?

A

cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

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11
Q

Where are deep nodes located?

A

tracheobroncheal, aortic, and iliac lymph nodes

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12
Q

How is lymph propelled?

A

skeletal muscles bulging, nearby arteries pulsing, tunica media of lymph vessels contract, and movement of limbs and trunk

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13
Q

Where do afferent lymphatic vessels flow?

A

into lymph node

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14
Q

Where do efferent lymphatic vessels flow?

A

away from lymph node

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15
Q

What are the five major lymphatic trunks?JSBIL

A

jugular trunks, subclavian trunks, bronchomediastinal trunks, intestinal trunk, lumbar trunks

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16
Q

What is the role of jugular trunks?

A

to drain lymph from head & neck

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17
Q

What is the role of bronchomediastinal trunks?

A

to collect lymph from thoracic viscera

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18
Q

What is the role of subclavian trunks?

A

to receive lymph from upper limbs and thoracic wall

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19
Q

What is the role of the intestinal trunk?

A

to receive chyle from digestive organs

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20
Q

What is the role of lumbar trunks?

A

to receive lymph from lower limbs

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21
Q

What are the two types of lymph ducts?

A

thoracic ducts and right lymphatic ducts

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22
Q

What does the thoracic duct do?

A

drains 3/4 of the body including the left side of the head and trunk and both lower extremities

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23
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty out into?

A

venous circulation at junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins

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24
Q

What is cisterna chyli?

A

the most inferior part of the thoracic duct; located around L1-L2 at the union of lumbar and intestinal trunks

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25
Which trunks flow into the right lymphatic duct?
the right jugular, subclavian, and bronchomediastinal trunks
26
Where does the right lymphatic duct empty into?
venous blood at junction of right internal jugular and subclavian veins
27
What does the right lymphatic duct do?
drains right superior quarter of body
28
Where are lacteals located?
in the villi of the small intestines
29
Where do the lacteals drain into?
the lymph collecting vessels to the intestinal trunk then the thoracic duct and ultimately to the vena cava blood
30
What is chyle?
the fatty lymph in lacteals
31
What do lacteals do?
receive digested fats and transport fats from intestinal villi to blood
32
What are the three components fo the immune system?
lymphocytes, lymphoid tissue, lymphoid organs
33
What do lymphocytes do?
recognize and attack specific foreign molecules (anitgens) including pathogens
34
What are the three classes of lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells, natural killer cells
35
What are the two types of T cells?
CD8+ killer cells and CD4+ helper cells; HIV lowers levels of CD4+ helper cells
36
What do B cells do?
develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies
37
What are natural killer cells?
cells that detect a lack of "self" cell surface molecules and attack and lyse cells (e.g., tumor cells)
38
How do infectious agents enter the body?
infectious organisms penetrate epithelial borders of body and enter underlying connective tissue --> trigger an inflammatory response and are attacked by macrophages and lymphocytes
39
What is the role of lymphoid tissue?
where vast quantities of lymphocytes gather to fight invading microorganisms
40
Where is lymphoid tissue located?
lymphoid organs and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
41
What are the lymphoid organs?
thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and aggregated lymphoid nodules in the small intestine and appendix
42
Where is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?
in the mucous membranes of digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive tracts
43
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
bone marrow and thymus
44
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, aggregated lymphoid nodules in small intestine and appendix
45
Where is the site of origin of lymphocytes?
bone marrow
46
Where are lymphocytes destined to become B cells located?
red bone marrow
47
Where are lymphocytes destined to become T cells located after they leave the bone marrow?
thymus
48
Where do immunocompentent but naive lymphocytes go after leaving the thymus?
the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, other lymphoid tissue)
49
What is the role of secondary lymphoid organs in lymphocyte differentiation?
to store lymphocytes and are the site of antigen encounter where B/T cell lymphocytes become activated and effector and memory lymphocytes are generated
50
What are the two antigen activated immunocompetent lymphocytes?
effector cells and memory cells
51
What do effector cells do?
respond to the pathogen immediately then die (short lived)
52
What do memory cells do?
the basis of acquired immunity - wait within lymphoid tissues until antigen is encountered again and guard against subsequent infections to prevent getting infection more than once
53
How does the thymus differ from other lymphoid organs?
focuses strictly on T lymphocyte MATURATION, NOT T lymphocyte activation
54
What hormones does the thymus secrete?
thymopoietin and thymosin
55
What do Hassall's corpuscles do?
support the development of regulatory T cells that prevent autoimmune responses
56
At what stage in life is thymus the most active?
childhood - activity diminishes as adults age
57
What is the function of the spleen?
stores platelets, is site of hematopoiesis in fetus, is site of B cell maturation into plasma cells that secrete antibodies
58
What is the white pulp in spleen?
thick sleeves of lymphoid tissue that provide immune function of spleen
59
What surrounds white pulp in the spleen?
red pulp
60
What is the red pulp in the spleen composed of?
venous sinuses and splenic cords
61
What is the role of splenic cord in red pulp?
to phagocytize microbes and worn out RBCs, WBCs and platelets
62
What are the four groups of tonsils?
palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, and tubal tonsils
63
Why are all of the tonsils arranged in a ring?
to gather and remove pathogens that enter the pharynx through air, or swallowed liquid or solid food
64
What is the role of the crypts of the tonsils?
to trap bacteria, viruses, and particulate matter
65
Where are aggregated lymphoid nodules (Peyer's patches) located?
in the walls of the ileum of the small intestine
66
What is the appendix?
a tubular offshoot of the cecum that has walls rich in dense lymphoid tissue
67
What is Chylothorax disorder of the lymphatic system?
leakage of lymph into the thorax
68
What is Lymphangitis disorder?
inflammation of a lymph vessel
69
What is Adenitis disorder?
inflammation of lymph node
70
What is Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
malignancies of lymph nodes

IB 131 Midterm 3 (11 decks)

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