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Mental Health-MJ > T2-Neurocognitive Disorders > Flashcards

T2-Neurocognitive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) are those in which a clinically significant deficit in ___ or ____ exists, representing a change from a previous level of functioning

A

Cognition or memory

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of NCD?

A
  • Delirium
  • Mild NCD
  • Major NCD
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3
Q

An acute and rapid onset of disturbance in attention, awareness, and cognition

A

Delirium

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4
Q

A person who is experiencing delirium may present in what ways?

A
  • Agitated, active, combative OR

- Calm and quietly confused with lucid momeents and the then confused again

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5
Q

When do symptoms of delirium get worse?

A

Late afternoon and evening (sundowning)

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6
Q

What typically occur with sundowning?

A

Hallucinations and illusions

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7
Q

T/F: Duration of delirium is brief (a few days to a month)

A

True

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8
Q

Can delirium progress to major cognitive disorder

A

Yes

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9
Q

Misperception of a REAL stimulus

A

Illusion

Thinking a stethoscope is a snake

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10
Q

Increases wandering, confusion, and agitation in the late afternoon and evening

A

Sundowning

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11
Q

A syndrome of chronic and possibly progressive intellectual and functional impairment involving memory, language, emotion, cognition, and changes in the personality

A

Neurocognitive disorder

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12
Q

NCD is classified in the DSM-5 as either ___ or ___ and ____ or ____

A

Mild or major

Primary or secondary

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13
Q

Is Alzheimers primary or secondary

A

PRIMARY

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14
Q

Mild NCD impairment may be the beginning of a _____ impairment

A

Major NCD

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15
Q

What is the most common neurocognitive disorder?

A

Alzheimer

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16
Q

Associated with MAJOR NCD….7?

A
  • Denial
  • Disturbance in executive functioning
  • Aphasia
  • Apraxia
  • Agnosia
  • Confabulation
  • Perseveration
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17
Q

What is denial?

A

A defense mechanism

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18
Q

What is executive functioning responsible for?

A 
Planning
Abstract thinkning
Decision making
Provlem solving
Initiating appropriate action, etc etc
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19
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Inability to communicate with speech, writing, or sign language

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20
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Inability to carry out motor functions including speech

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21
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Loss of ability to recognize objects, person, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss

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22
Q

What is confabulation?

A

Memory distortions or fabrications that the individual believes to be true

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23
Q

Why does confabulation occur? is this consciously or unconsciously done?

A

To fill in gaps in memory

This is done unconsciously

**The person doing this absolutely believes whatever they are saying is true!!!

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24
Q

What is perseveration?

A

The persistent repetition of a word, phrase, or gesture despite the stopping of the stimulus that let to the word, phrase, or gesture

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25
Q

How are NCDs differentiated?

A

According to the etiology

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26
Q

What can neurocognitive disorders be due to?

A
  • Alzheimers
  • CVA
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • HIV infection
  • Lewy bodies
  • Parkinson
  • Huntington
  • Picks
  • Prion
  • Other med conditions (thyrodism,encephalitis, brain injury, etc)
  • Substance induced (ETOH, drugs)
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27
Q

What is the etiology hypotheses for NCD due to Alzheimers?

A
  • Reduced neurotransmitters ACh levels (plaques and tangles)
  • Head trauma
  • Genetic predisposition
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28
Q

Who is Alzheimer’s higher in? Like what ethnicity

A

African american

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29
Q

Early onset of Alzheimers?

A

Before age 65

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30
Q

Late onset of Alzheimers?

A

65 (the risk increases the older you get)

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31
Q

What are signs on a CT or MRI that may mean you have Alzheimers?

A
  • Lots of blue, instead of yellow on the scan

- Enlarged ventricles

32
Q

What may a lab test determine if checking for Alzheimers?

A

Tests serotonin, GABA, dopamine, noreponephrine

33
Q

What does the postmortem exam show in the brain if the pt. had Alzheimers?

A

Neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the brain tissue examined under microscope

34
Q

What are some meds needed to help relieve symptoms of NCD due to Alzheimer?

A
  • Antidepressants
  • Antipsychotics
  • Anticonvulsants
  • BB
  • Benzo
  • SSRI
  • Desyrel, BuSpar
35
Q

What are some non pharmaceutical approaches to manage Alzheimers?

A
  • Healthy diet with vitamin supplements
  • Daily exercise
  • Intellectual stimulation
  • Remain socially connected
  • Memory aids (cueing)
36
Q

Alzheimers: Research does suggest that healthy life choices, physical exercise, not smoking, ______ and ____, education and life long learning may prevent, or deal the onset, and decrease the severity

A

Staying socially connected and active

37
Q

Sign of alzheimer or typical age related memory change: Poor judgement and decision making

A

Sign

38
Q

Sign of alzheimer or typical age related memory change: Forgetting which day it is but remembering it later

A

Typical

39
Q

Sign of alzheimer or typical age related memory change: Making a bad decision once in a while

A

Typical

40
Q

Sign of alzheimer or typical age related memory change: Inability to manage a budget

A

Sign

41
Q

Sign of alzheimer or typical age related memory change: Misplacing things and being unable to retrace steps to find them

A

Sign

42
Q

Sign of alzheimer or typical age related memory change: Sometimes forgetting which word to use

A

Typical

43
Q

Sign of alzheimer or typical age related memory change: Losing track of the date or the season

A

Sign

44
Q

Sign of alzheimer or typical age related memory change: Difficulty having a conversation

A

Sign

45
Q

Sign of alzheimer or typical age related memory change: Missing a monthly payment

A

Typical

46
Q

Sign of alzheimer or typical age related memory change: Losing things from time to time but can retrace steps to find them

A

Typical

47
Q

What are neurofibrillary tangles ?

A

Insoluble twister fibers

48
Q

Where are neurofibrillary tangles found?

A

INSIDE the neuron

49
Q

What is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimers Disease?

A

The accumulation of AMYLOID PLAQUES BETWEEN NEURONS

50
Q

A general term for protein fragments that the body produces normally

A

Amyloid

51
Q

What happens to the cortex in Alzheimers? Hippocampus?

A

Shrinks for both

52
Q

What happens to the ventricles in Alzheimers?

A

Enlarged ventricles with corresponding loss of grey and white matter

53
Q

Stage 1 of Alzheimers?

A

Brain changes are occurring but NO APPARENT SYMPTOMS

54
Q

Stage 2 of Alzheimers?

A

FORGETFULNESS that may or may not be noticed by others

55
Q

Stage 3 of Alzheimers?

A

MILD COGNITIVE decline that IS noticed by others who are frequently around

56
Q

Stage 4 of Alzheimers?

A

MILD TO MODERATE cognitive decline and confusion

57
Q

Stage 5 of Alzheimers?

A

MODERATE cognitive decline

58
Q

Stage 6 of Alzheimers?

A

MODERATE TO SEVERE cognitive decline

59
Q

What happens after stage 6 of Alzheimers?

A

Sundowning

60
Q

Stage 7 of Alzheimers?

A

SEVERE cognitive decline

61
Q

What is the most preventative neurocognitive disorder?

A

Vascular NCD

62
Q

What is Vascular NCD caused by?

A

Blood vessels of brain diseases –risk factors HTN, smoking, high cholesterol, diabetes, heart disease, brain disease, inactivity

63
Q

How does vascular NCD differ from Alzheimers?

A

Vascular NCD there is a more ABRUPT onset

64
Q

Delirium is a NCD. Can a person with a neurocogitive disorder have delirium even though they are both NCD?

A

Yes–a person with a neurocognitive disorder can develop delirium!!!

65
Q

Factors that reduce the risk or delay the onset of NCD (in order). [9]

A
  1. GOOD LUNG FUNCTION
  2. Physical exercise
  3. Life long learning
  4. Healthy nutrition
  5. Quality and active social life
  6. Stimulating environment
  7. Quality sleep
  8. Stress management
  9. Optimistic outlook
66
Q

What is pseudo dementia?

A

Depression

67
Q

Pseudodementia or NCD:

Rapid onset

A

Pseudodementia

*NCD=slow

68
Q

Pseudodementia or NCD: Confabulate

A

NCD

*FORGETFUL is with pseudo dementia

69
Q

Pseudodementia or NCD: Orientated to time and place

A

Pseudodementia

*Disoriented=NCD

70
Q

Pseudodementia or NCD: Wanders in search of the familiar

A

NCD

*Does not wander=pseudodementia

71
Q

Pseudodementia or NCD: Consistently poor performance

A

NCD

*Pseu: performance is variable

72
Q

Pseudodementia or NCD: Gets better as day progresses

A

Pseud.

*NCD= gets worse as day progresses

73
Q

Pseudodementia or NCD: Poor appetite

A

Pseud

*NCD= unchanged appetite, but does not remember to eat

74
Q

Pseudodementia or NCD: Intact concentration

A

Pseud

*NCD: impaired concentration

75
Q

Find a cause to treat delirium, then treat it with ______.

A

Benzos and/or antipsychotics

76
Q

What drugs can cause EPS symptoms?

A

Antipsychotics

Mental Health-MJ (39 decks)

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