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Microbiology Module 2 > T2: Anaerobic Bacteriology Introduction > Flashcards

T2: Anaerobic Bacteriology Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

a bacterium that is able to replicate without oxygen

A

An anaerobe

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2
Q

Anaerobes often require a ______ redox potential

A

low

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3
Q

Three types of Anaerobes

A
  1. Strict obligate anaerobes
  2. Moderage obligate anaerobes
  3. Aerotolerant anaerobes
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4
Q

Three types of Aerobes

A
  1. Facultative anaerobe
  2. Microaerophile
  3. Obligate aerobe
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5
Q

Strict obligate anaerobes

- 2 facts about oxygen

A
  • Extremely oxygen sensitive

- Killed by oxygen

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6
Q

Strict obligate anaerobes

- 2 examples

A

Clostridium novyi and C. haemolyticum

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7
Q

Tolerate moderate exposure to Oxygen, Require an anaerobic environment for growth

A

Moderate Obligate Anaerobes

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8
Q

Example of a moderate obligate anaerobe

A

Bacteroides fragilis

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9
Q

Able to tolerate exposure to oxygen; able to grow slowly in presence of oxygen, grows best in anaerobic environment

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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10
Q

Three examples of Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Clostridium tertium, C. carnis, and C. histolyticum

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11
Q

grow under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, classified as an aerobe

A

Facultative anaerobes

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12
Q

two examples of facultative anaerobes

A

E. coli and Staphylococcus spp

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13
Q

Need reduced oxygen (5%) and increased CO2 for growth

A

microaerophiles

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14
Q

Example of a microaerophile

A

Campylobacter spp

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15
Q

Require oxygen and usually don’t grow under anaerobic conditions

A

Obligate aerobes

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16
Q

two examples of obligate aerobes

A

Pseudomonas spp and Micrococcus spp

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17
Q

Where can anaerobes be found as normal flora?

A

Nose, Mouth, oropharynx, vagina, gastrointestinal tract, skin, colon, soil, and freshwater/saltwater sediments

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18
Q

In the colon ______ outnumber facultative anaerobes 1000:1

A

anaerobes

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19
Q

Most anaerobic infections are _________ infections caused by trauma to skin or mucous membranes

A

Endogenous

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20
Q

_______ infections are usually by spore forming GPRs and often from soil or ingestion of contaminated food

A

Exogenous

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21
Q

Infections are most often ________ ; containing multipe anaerobes

A

Polymicrobic

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22
Q

Factors that predispose a person to anaerobic infection

A

vascular stasis, human/animal bite wounds, aspiration of oral contents into lungs after vomiting, tooth extraction, oral surgery, puncture of oral cavity, GI tract surgery or traumatic puncture of bowel, genital tract surgery or traumatic puncture of genital tract, introduction of soil into a wound

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23
Q

List acceptable specimens for anaerobic culture

A

Needle aspirates at active site of infection, tissue, blood (anaerobic blood cult. bottle), lower respiratory specimens, normally sterile body fluids, Stool (only for C. diff)

24
Q

Unacceptable specimens for anaerobic culture

A

voided urine, upper respiratory specimens, stool (except for C. diff), vaginal or cervical, surface wounds; swabs are NOT appropriate (usually)

25
Q

Direct smear microscopic evaluation may present with what two signs?

A

polymicrobial and pleomorphic

26
Q

Characteristics of Myonecrosis (gangrene)

A

absence of inflammatory cells (WBCs), Large GPRs, gas, and possible spores

27
Q

All primary plates should have these 3 requirements for anaerobes

A

1 vitamin K
2 hemin
3 yeast extract

28
Q

Prior to inoculation what should be done to media?

A

1 Stored at room temp

2 Pre-reduced (ensures redox potential stays low)

29
Q

After inoculation, media should be stored in a holding chamber for less than ___ ______ or placed in the anaerobic chamber immediately

A

1 hour

30
Q

List 5 reducing agents that can be added to media to maintain an anaerobic environment

A

Enriched thioglycollate (THIO), chopped meat, serum, cysteine, and rumen fluid

31
Q

What does PRAS stand for?

A

Pre-Reduced Anaerobically Sterilized; made with no oxygen exposure and sealed in oxygen free tubes

32
Q

Purpose of ABAP

A

Anaerobe blood agar plate; non-selective

33
Q

Purpose of PEA

A

Phenylethyl alcohol, anaerobe blood agar, selective, supports Gram Positive

34
Q

Purpose of PV, KV, and LKV

A

Paromomycin-Vancomycin, Kanamycin-Vancomycin, and Laked Blood Vancomycin; Selective isolation of gram negative anaerobes

35
Q

Purpose of BBE

A

Bacteroides Bile Esculin; supports growth of Bacteroides (selective), media turns black with esculin hydrolysis (differential)

36
Q

Incubation Conditions

-Ambient Air

A

21% O2, 0.03% CO2

37
Q

Incubation Conditions

-CO2

A

15-21% O2, 5-10% CO2

38
Q

Incubation Conditions

-Microaerophilic

A

5% O2, 10% CO2

39
Q

Incubation Conditions

-Anaerobic

A

0% O2, 5-10% CO2

40
Q

List 3 anaerobic systems used in lab to maintain anaerobic conditions

A

1 Anaerobic Chamber (glove box)
2 Anaerobic Jars
3 Anaerobic Bags and Pouches

41
Q

Advantages of using an anaerobe chamber (5)

A

Specimens never exposed to oxygen during set up, plate observed as often as desired, incubator option, large volume cultures, gloves allow for less Oxygen introduction

42
Q

Disadvantages of using an anaerobe chamber (4)

A

Cumbersome, airlock, space, contamination

43
Q

Anaerobe Chamber requirements (4)

A

Catalyst, desiccant, oxidation reduction indicator, and anaerobic gas (5% H2, 5-10% CO2, and 85-95% N2)

44
Q

removes residual O2, often composed of palladium coated aluminum pellets

A

catalyst

45
Q

used to absorb water

A

desiccant

46
Q

CO2 needed for the growth of many anaerobes and inert ____ is used as filler for remaining % of anaerobic atmosphoere

A

N2

47
Q

used to verify daily that anaerobic conditions are maintained, can use indicator such as methylene blue or resazurin

A

Oxidation Reduction Indicator

48
Q

useful for small labs with SMALL anaerobe VOLUME

A

Anaerobic jars

49
Q

Anaerobic jars must be incubated for ______ hours because especially susceptible

A

48 hours

50
Q

Disadvantages of Anaerobic Jars

A

Cannot provide all advantages of a chamber, cost analysis over time shows chamber is better, plates must be removed from jar in order to examine and process

51
Q

Anaerobic bags and pouches advantages

A

Transport of organisms, plates can be examined without removal from bag

52
Q

Gas Liquid Chromatography 2 forms of extraction

A

1 Ether Extraction (Most common); short chain volatile acids

2 Chloroform Extraction; organic acids, non-volatile

53
Q

Media used to grow anaerobes for gas liquid chromatography

A

PYG Broth (peptone yeast extract-glucose)

54
Q

To detect fermentation large tubes contain ______ or ________ biochemical test media; reactions measure the _____ with a _______

A

PRAS or Non-PRAS; pH; Probe

55
Q

List 3 tests for Proteolysis

A

1 Gelatin Hydrolysis
2 Milk Liquefaction
3 Meat Digestion

56
Q

Two newer technologies that are very reliable for ID of bacteria including anaerobes

A

16S rRNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF

Microbiology Module 2 (19 decks)

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