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Microbiology Module 2 > Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing > Flashcards

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Flashcards

1
Q

What class?

Cefepime

A

Cephalosporins

- Fourth generation

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2
Q

What class?

Doripenem

A

Beta-Lactam

- Carbapenems

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3
Q

What class?

Levofloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolones

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4
Q

What class?

Amikacin

A

Aminoglycosides

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5
Q

What class?

Clindamycin

A
  • Under it’s own category
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6
Q

What class?

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

A

Antimetabolites

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7
Q

What class?

Ciprofloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolones

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8
Q

What class?

Penicillin

A

Penicillins

- Narrow spectrum

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9
Q

What class?

Doxycycline

A

Tetracyclines

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10
Q

What class?

Ceftazidime

A

Cephalosporins

- Third generation

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11
Q

What class?

Erythromycin

A

Macrolides

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12
Q

What class?

Tobramycin

A

Aminoglycosides

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13
Q

What class?

Oxacillin

A

Penicillins

- Beta lactamase resistant

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14
Q

What class?

Cefurozime

A

Cephalosporins

- Second generation

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15
Q

What class?

Tetracycline

A

Tetracyclines

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16
Q

What class?

Piperacillin

A

Penicillin

  • Broad spectrum
  • Ureidopenicillins
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17
Q

What class?

Gentamicin

A

Aminoglycosides

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18
Q

What class?

Meropenem

A

Beta-Lactam

- Carbapenems

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19
Q

What class?

Cefazolin

A

Cephalosporins

- First generation

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20
Q

What class?

Imipenem

A

Beta-Lactams

- Carbapenems

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21
Q

What class?

Vancomycin

A

Glycopeptides

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22
Q

Substance naturally produced by living organisms such as bacteria and fungi and able, in a dilute solution, to inhibit or kill another microorganism

A

Definition of: antibiotic

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23
Q

Chemical substance produced by a microorganism that has the capability of killing or inhibiting the growth of another organism

A

Definition of: antimicrobial agent

24
Q

Range of activity of an antimicrobial agent against certain groups of bacteria

A

Definition of: spectrum of activity

25
Q

Difference between intrinsic and acquired resistance

A

Intrinsic: all members of the species are resistant
Acquired: not all members of the species are resistant

26
Q

Examples of intrinsic resistance

A

Staph saprophyticus and novobiocin

27
Q

Examples of acquired resistance

A

Staph aureus and methicillin/oxacillin

28
Q

Effects of combining antimicrobials (3)

A
  • Autonomous/Indifferent
  • Antagonistic (a substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another)
  • Synergistic (one drug increases the other’s effectiveness).
29
Q

What organism is universally susceptible to penicillin?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

30
Q

Bacteristatic

A

Slows down growth; “keeps it at bay”

31
Q

Bactericidal

A

Not just slowing down the growth but KILLING all the bacteria; used in immunosuppressed individuals

32
Q

5 mechanisms of action a drug can have

A
  1. inhibit cell wall synthesis
  2. inhibit protein synthesis
  3. inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
  4. Antimetabolites
  5. Alteration of cell membranes
33
Q

What are the 5 Bacteriostatic drugs

A
  1. Tetracyclines
  2. Chloramphenicol
  3. Macrolides
  4. Antimetabolites
  5. Clindamycin (can also be bacteriocidal)
34
Q

What drugs work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis

A
  1. Penicillins
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Glycopeptides (inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis; precursors of cell wall synthesis)
35
Q

What drugs work by inhibiting protein synthesis

A
  1. Aminoglycosides (30S subunit)
  2. Tetracyclines (30S subunit)
  3. Chloramphenicol (50S subunit)
  4. Macrolides (50S subunit)
  5. Clindamycin (50S subunit)
36
Q

What drugs work by inhibiting folic acid synthesis

A

Antimetabolites

37
Q

What drug works by inhibiting DNA synthesis

A
  1. Fluoroquinolones
38
Q

What drugs alter cell membranes?

A

Colistin, polymyxins, bactracin

39
Q

Three mechanisms of bacterial resistance

A
  1. Impermeability
  2. Alterations in target molecules
  3. Ezymatic Inactivation
40
Q

Two mechanisms of Impermeability

A
  • altered outer membrane porins

- altered transport systems

41
Q

Three mechanisms in altering the target molecules

A
  • Methylation of ribosomal RNA
  • Alterations of Ribosomes
  • Altered Penicillin Binding Proteins
42
Q

Three mechanisms in enzymatic inactivation

A
  • Beta lactamases
  • Chlorampheicol acetyltransferases
  • Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzymes
43
Q

Spectrum of activity:

- Penicillin

A

Activity agains GP and GN (changes depending upon class)

44
Q

Spectrum of activity:

- Cephalosporins (4th Generation)

45
Q

Spectrum of activity:

- Tetracyclines

A

Broad spectrum: GP, GN, mycoplasma, chladydiae, rickettsiae

46
Q

Spectrum of activity:

- Clindamycin

A

Broad spectrum (aerobic GP + anaerobes)

47
Q

Spectrum of activity:

- Fluoroquinolones

A

Broad spectrum

48
Q

Spectrum of activity:

- Alteration of cell membrane

A

Limited spectrum of activity (GNR, Pseudomonas aerugenosa)

49
Q

Spectrum of activity:

Chloramphenicol

A

Broad spectrum (similar to tetracycline)

50
Q

Spectrum of activity:

- Cephalosporins (2nd Generation)

A

GPC, some GPR

51
Q

Spectrum of activity:

- Antimetabolites

A

specific clinical uses…UTI, S. maltophilia

52
Q

Spectrum of activity:

- Macrolides

A

Broad Spectrum

53
Q

Spectrum of activity:

- Cephalosporins (3rd generation)

A

GNR, some GPC

54
Q

Spectrum of activity:

Aminoglycosides

A

active against GNRs and S. aureus

55
Q

Spectrum of activity:

- Cephosporins (1st Generation)

Microbiology Module 2 (19 decks)

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