PBL: Case 2 Part 1 Flashcards
What is the order of the anatomical areas of the respiratory tract?
Upper: Nasal, sinus, nasopharynx, oropharynx, epiglottis, larynx
Lower: Trachea, bronchi, alveoli (last two are in the lungs)
- Methods for collecting a throat specimen
- sterile or not?
- swab, avoid the tongue
- not sterile
- Methods for collecting a sinus infection specimen
- Sterile or not
- aspiration?
- Expectorated Sputum
- Induced Sputum
- Method for collecting tracheostomy specimen
- Sterile or not
- Not a good specimen
Method for collecting endotrachiostomy
- Sterile or not
- go down through the throat
- not a good specimen
- Method for collecting transtrachiostomy
- Sterile or not
- Go in through trachea;
- the best because its a sterile
- Method for Bronch washing
- sterile or not?
take a tube down into the the lung and then such back up (same as BAL) you use a branch brush to bring up cells
- Method for BAL
- sterile or not?
depends on the lab if its sterile or not
- Method for Fine needle aspirate
- sterile or not
sterile
Which specimens avoid exposure to the usual flora of the upper respiratory tract?
Transtracheal, BAL, fine needle, open biopsy, others depend if double lumen
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- Throat
- Group A strep- strep pyogenes (only for a strep screen would we look for this - treat with penicillin)
- Other beta strep
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- Upper respiratory
- ## Archanobacterium (looks like beta strep group A; causes sore throat, GPR THOUGH; just do a gram stain)
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- Thrush
Candida (yeast)
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- community acquired
- strep pneumonea
- others (group B in babies)
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- hospital acquired
Legionella and GNRs (especially drug resistant)
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- aspiration pneumonia
- anaerobes
- mixed
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- pertussis
Bordetella pertussis (parapertussis)
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- diphtheria
C. diphtheria
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- Cystic fibrosis
- Start off with staph aureus or Haemophilus
- Later progresses to pseudomonas (more resistant)
- Later progresses to Burkholdaria cepacia
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- Walking pneumonia
mycoplasma pneumonia
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- Tuberculosis
- mycobacterium tuberculosis
- M. avium
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- Immunocompromised
- fungi
- Nocardia
(avoid normal flora)
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- Epiglottis
- H. influenza type b (not seen as much due to vaccine)
- M. catarahralis (in kids causing ear and sinus infections)
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- Otitis media
- strep pneumo
- H. flu
Most common bacterial pathogens:
- Pharyngitis
Group A strep
What organisms are most commonly found as “usual flora”in the upper respiratory tract specimen?
- *Mouth Flora:
1. Alpha and gamma steptococci
2. Corynebacterium spp.
3. CoNS
4. non-pathogenic Neisseria spp.
5. Prevotella melaninogenica
6. Prevotella spp.
7. Porphyromonas spp.
What are 5 Upper respiratory infections?
- Pharyngitis
- Sinus infection
- Otitis Media
- Epiglottitis
- Pertussis
What are 2 lower respiratory infections?
- Acute Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis
2. Phenumonia (acute or chronic)
