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DPT 760 - Cardiopulmonary I > Systemic Conditions > Flashcards

Systemic Conditions Flashcards

1
Q
  • Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) = ?
  • Symptoms = ?
A

- PAD is a narrowing of peripheral arteries, leading to reduced blood flow, commonly affecting lower extremities.

- Symptoms: Pain in buttocks, hips, thighs, calves, and feet due to obstruction of different arteries.

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2
Q

What are the common signs of PAD?

A

Intermittent claudication, hair loss, shiny skin, diminished pulses, and cool skin.

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3
Q

What is the Claudication Pain Grading Scale?

A

It categorizes pain from minimal discomfort

  • 1 = Initial discomfort or pain, but only minimal levels
  • 2 = Moderate discomfort or pain from which the patient’s attention can be diverted
  • 3 = Intense pain from which the patient’s attention cannot be diverted
  • 4 = Excruciating and unbearable pain
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4
Q

What is intermittent claudication?

A

It is pain caused by inadequate blood flow during exercise, relieved by rest.

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5
Q

How does exercise benefit patients with PAD?

A

Exercise improves symptoms by increasing capillary density and promoting angiogenesis.

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6
Q

What is Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)?

A

CVI is a condition where veins fail to adequately return blood to the heart, leading to swelling and skin changes.

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of CVI?

A

Swelling, pain in dependent positions, and skin discoloration (hemosiderin staining).

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8
Q

What is the treatment approach for CVI?

A
  • exercise
  • compression therapy
  • elevation of limbs
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9
Q

What are the differences between arterial and venous wounds?

A
  • Arterial wounds are dry with punched-out appearance
  • Venous wounds are wet with irregular borders
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10
Q

What is the purpose of the ABI (Ankle-Brachial Index) test?

A
  • It measures blood pressure differences between the arms and legs to diagnose PAD.
  • If an ABI (SBP of ankle/SBP of arm) is 0.90 or less, it is considered abnormal.
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11
Q

What are Wells Criteria used for?

A

To assess the probability of DVT in patients with symptoms like swelling and pain.

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12
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a PE and DVT?

A
  • PE: Shortness of breath, anxiety, pleuritic chest pain, and tachycardia.
  • DVT: Pain, ipsilateral swelling, palpable cord, warmth, redness
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13
Q

What is the importance of compression therapy in venous disease?

A

To prevent venous stasis and promote blood flow.

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14
Q

What is the treatment approach for DVT?

A
  • early mobilization
  • compression therapy
  • anticoagulation medications.
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15
Q

.

A

.

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16
Q

How does rubor of dependency help in assessing arterial insufficiency?

A

- It measures the color change in a foot to indicate arterial insufficiency.

- Rubor of Dependency: Observe color of both feet in supine (or in sitting).

  • In supine, elevate one leg for 60 sec. Observe foot color: light pink is normal; chalky white or painful means arterial insufficiency.
  • Then lower to dependent position and time the color return compared to the color of the non-elevated foot.

- Observe foot color: Light pink is normal; chalky white or painful means arterial insufficiency.

  • Then lower to dependent position and time the color return compared to the color of the non-elevated foot.
  • Normal = pink in < 15 sec.
  • Abnormal > 20-30 sec + bright red (histamine response) =Arterial compromise
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17
Q

What is the typical patient presentation with PAD pain?

A

Pain increases with walking and decreases with rest; worsens with elevation.

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18
Q

What is venous stasis ulcer and what are its characteristics?

A

A venous ulcer caused by poor venous return, characterized by wet, red, and irregular borders.

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19
Q

What are the pharmacological treatments for DVT and VTE?

A

Anticoagulants like Heparin, Lovenox, and Warfarin are common treatments.

20
Q

What precautions should be taken when mobilizing a patient on anticoagulants?

A

Monitor INR levels; avoid mobilization if INR < 2 or > 5.

- INR

  • < 2 than no mobility
  • 2-5 = mobility
  • > 5 you should check with the physician.
21
Q

What are the secondary effects of systemic cardiovascular diseases on renal systems?

A

They may lead to renal insufficiency and failure due to poor circulation.

22
Q

How does aerobic and anaerobic training benefit PAD patients?

A

Improved blood flow, oxygen consumption, and pain tolerance.

23
Q

What is an aortic aneurysm?

A

A permanent dilation of the aortic wall, increasing the risk of rupture.

24
Q

What are the implications for PT when treating patients with aortic aneurysms?

A

Monitor blood pressure and avoid Valsalva maneuvers; promote regular moderate exercise.

25
Q

.

A

.

26
Q

What is the role of physical therapy in treating PAD?

A
  • improving circulation
  • improving walking endurance
  • reducing claudication
27
Q

What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

A

A temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain that resolves within 24 hours.

28
Q

How does diabetes impact cardiovascular health?

A

Diabetes accelerates atherosclerosis, increasing the risk for CAD and stroke.

29
Q

What are the PT implications for patients with carotid or vertebral disease?

A

Monitor vital signs closely, especially blood pressure, during activities.

30
Q

What is the significance of elevated ABI in PAD diagnosis?

A

An ABI <0.9 indicates PAD, with lower blood pressure in legs than arms.

31
Q

How does venous insufficiency typically present in lower extremities?

A
  • swelling
  • pain relief with elevation
  • hemosiderin staining
32
Q

What are the risk factors for chronic venous insufficiency (CVI)?

A

Age, female gender, history of DVT, and prolonged standing.

33
Q

What is the role of exercise in managing venous insufficiency?

A

Exercise helps pump blood back to the heart, reducing venous stasis.

34
Q

What is the relationship between DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE)?

A

A DVT can dislodge and cause a PE, blocking pulmonary arteries.

35
Q

How does atherosclerosis contribute to systemic conditions like PAD and CAD?

A

Atherosclerosis narrows arteries, reducing blood flow and increasing the risk of ischemia.

36
Q

What are the characteristics of venous wounds?

A

Wet, irregular, and beefy red in appearance, often found on the lower leg.

37
Q

What is the purpose of the Wells Prediction Model for VTE?

A

To predict the risk of lower extremity DVT based on symptoms and risk factors.

38
Q

How is claudication pain assessed during treadmill testing?

A

Claudication is assessed by noting the distance walked before pain begins and intensifies.

39
Q

What are the main treatment goals for patients with PAD?

A

Reducing pain, improving walking ability, and enhancing overall circulation.

40
Q

What role does physical therapy play in managing DVT?

A

Mobilization reduces the risk of clot formation and improves circulation.

41
Q

What is the clinical presentation of arterial wounds?

A

Dry, punched-out appearance, often on the toes or lateral leg.

42
Q

What are the main risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE)?

A

History of immobility, surgery, trauma, and cancer.

43
Q

How do peripheral pulses indicate PAD or DVT?

A

Weak or absent peripheral pulses indicate PAD, while bounding pulses suggest DVT.

44
Q

What are the primary interventions for preventing chronic complications in venous disease?

A

Compression therapy, exercise, and patient education on prevention.

45
Q

What are the implications of PAD pain increasing with elevation?

A

PAD pain worsens with elevation as blood struggles to reach the extremities.

46
Q

How does angiogenesis improve with exercise in PAD patients?

A

Exercise induces angiogenesis, increasing capillary density and oxygen supply.

DPT 760 - Cardiopulmonary I (22 decks)

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