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DPT 760 - Cardiopulmonary I > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport and distribute essential substances to tissue, removal of byproducts of cellular metabolism.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of arterial wall recoil during diastole?

A

To help move blood through the circulatory system during relaxation of the heart.

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3
Q

What role do skeletal muscles play in venous return?

A

Skeletal muscles compress veins, aiding in the return of blood to the heart.

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4
Q

What are the main components of blood?

A
  • plasma
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
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5
Q

What is the function of plasma in the blood?

A

Regulates blood pressure and temperature, contains water, electrolytes, and proteins.

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6
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and return carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

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7
Q

What is anemia?

A

A condition characterized by a lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to reduced oxygen transport.

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8
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

A condition with an increased number of red blood cells, leading to thicker blood.

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9
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

Leukocytes: White blood cells that protect the body against infection.

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10
Q

What is the role of blood platelets?

A

Involved in blood clotting, prevent abnormal bleeding.

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11
Q

What is the significance of low platelet count?

A

Leads to increased risk of bruising and abnormal bleeding.

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12
Q

What happens when there is a high number of platelets?

A

It can lead to thrombosis or blood clots.

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13
Q

What factors influence blood volume?

A
  • fitness status,
  • dehydration
  • body size
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14
Q

How does the endocrine and urinary system manage blood volume?

A

Through hormones like ADH and aldosterone that regulate water and salt retention.

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15
Q

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?

A

The strength of the heart’s contraction increases with an increase in venous return (end-diastolic volume).

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16
Q

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in heart rate regulation?

A

It regulates heart rate through sympathetic (increases HR) and parasympathetic (decreases HR) nervous systems.

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17
Q

What is Ohm’s Law as applied to blood flow?

A

Flow (F) = ΔP / R, where ΔP is the pressure gradient and R is vascular resistance.

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18
Q

What is the difference between laminar and turbulent flow?

A
  • Laminar flow is smooth and orderly.
  • Turbulent flow is chaotic and can be caused by changes in vessel diameter or blood flow speed.

  • B = laminar flow
  • C = turbulent flow
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19
Q

What triggers vasoconstriction in the circulatory system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system, exercise, or stress.

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20
Q

What triggers vasodilation in the circulatory system?

A

The release of substances like bradykinin, histamine, or nitric oxide.

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21
Q

What is coronary blood flow?

A

Blood flow that supplies the heart muscle itself, primarily during diastole.

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22
Q

What is the effect of increased heart rate on myocardial oxygen consumption?

A

Increased heart rate leads to increased oxygen consumption by the heart muscle.

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23
Q

What is venous return?

A

The return of blood to the right side of the heart, influenced by venous pressure and total blood volume.

24
Q

.

A

.

25
Q

What role does the thoracic pressure change during breathing play in venous return?

A

It creates pressure differences that promote blood flow back to the heart.

26
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

Removes excess fluid, waste, and other substances from tissues, preventing edema.

27
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

The sequence of events in one complete heartbeat, including systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation).

28
Q

What happens during isovolumic systole?

A

Both mitral and aortic valves are closed, and the ventricles contract without ejecting blood.

29
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood the left ventricle pumps out every minute, calculated as Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV).

30
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood ejected by the ventricle with each heartbeat.

31
Q

What factors determine stroke volume?

A
  • preload (EDV)
  • contractility
  • afterload (resistance)
32
Q

What is preload?

A

The amount of blood returning to the heart, filling the ventricles before contraction.

33
Q

What is afterload?

A

The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood, mainly influenced by systemic vascular resistance.

34
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

The percentage of blood pumped out of the ventricles with each heartbeat, normally 60-70%.

35
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

A

It increases heart rate and contractility through positive chronotropic and inotropic effects.

36
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart?

A

It decreases heart rate and contractility through negative chronotropic and inotropic effects.

37
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

The average pressure in the arteries during one cardiac cycle, necessary for organ perfusion.

  • MAP = 1/3 (PP) + DBP
  • PP (Pulse Pressure) = SBP – DBP
  • MAP = 1/3 (SBP –DBP) + DBP
38
Q

What factors increase afterload?

A

Increased blood viscosity, vessel length, or decreased vessel radius.

39
Q

What is the Bainbridge reflex?

A

A reflex that increases heart rate in response to increased venous return.

40
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

A reflex that helps maintain stable blood pressure by adjusting heart rate and vessel diameter.

41
Q

What is the Valsalva maneuver?

A

A forced expiration against a closed glottis, affecting thoracic pressure and venous return.

42
Q

What happens during ventricular systole?

A

The ventricles contract, ejecting blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

43
Q

What is the role of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular system?

A

Nitric oxide acts as a vasodilator, helping to regulate blood pressure and blood flow.

44
Q

What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

A

A condition where the heart cannot pump efficiently, leading to fluid buildup in the lungs and other tissues.

45
Q

What is the effect of aging on the cardiovascular system?

A

Aging leads to changes like increased left ventricular wall thickness, reduced cardiac output, and altered vascular function.

46
Q

What is a positive inotropic effect?

A

An increase in the strength of heart muscle contraction.

47
Q

What medications are used to increase inotropic effect in heart failure?

A

Medications like phosphodiesterase inhibitors (milrinone) and adrenergic agonists (epinephrine, dobutamine).

48
Q

What is the significance of the pulse pressure (PP)?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, indicative of the force that the heart generates with each contraction.

49
Q

How does exercise affect cardiac output?

A

Exercise increases cardiac output by increasing both heart rate and stroke volume to meet the body’s increased oxygen demand.

50
Q

What is a normal cardiac output at rest?

A

4-6 liters per minute.

51
Q

What is the impact of beta-blockers on exercise?

A

Beta-blockers reduce heart rate response during exercise, making heart rate an unreliable measure of exercise intensity.

52
Q

What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

A

The heart’s stroke volume increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart.

53
Q

What is the role of the adrenal medulla in cardiovascular regulation?

A

It releases hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine that enhance heart rate and contractility during stress or exercise.

54
Q

What is the significance of ejection fraction in assessing heart function?

A

Ejection fraction indicates how well the heart is pumping; values below 40% suggest heart failure.

55
Q

What is the Bainbridge reflex, and when is it activated?

A

It’s activated by increased venous return, leading to an increase in heart rate to accommodate the extra blood volume.

DPT 760 - Cardiopulmonary I (22 decks)

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