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DPT 760 - Cardiopulmonary I > Cardiovascular Anatomy > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

The three layers are:

1) Pericardium: The pericardium is the outer layer that anchors the heart to surrounding structures and contains fluid to reduce friction.

  • Two layers; Serous and Fibrous

2) Myocardium: The myocardium is the middle muscular layer responsible for the heart’s contractility.

  • Myocytes / Conductive Cells

3) Endocardium: The endocardium forms the inner lining of the heart and is continuous with the heart valves.

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2
Q

Where is the apex and base of the heart located?

A

Apex: Is located at the level of the 5th intercostal space, along the left midclavicular line.

Base: Superior portion of heart

  • Below the second rib in the second intercostal space
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3
Q

What are the 3 major properties:
myocardial cells?

A
  • Automaticity: ability to contract in the absence of a stimuli
  • Rhythmicity: ability to contract in a rhythmic manner
  • Conductivity: ability to transmit nerve impulses
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4
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium, which can lead to a build-up of fluid in the pericardial cavity.

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5
Q

What is myocarditis?

A

Myocarditis is the inflammation and weakening of the myocardium, which can lead to heart failure.

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6
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

Endocarditis is the inflammation of the endothelium lining the heart and cardiac valves, often caused by bacterial infection.

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7
Q

What is cardiac tamponade?

A

Cardiac tamponade is a condition where fluid in the pericardium creates pressure on the heart, preventing it from filling properly.

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8
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

The aorta is the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.

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9
Q

What are the..

  • pulmonary arteries?
  • pulmonary veins?
A
  • The pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
  • The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
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10
Q

What is the vena cava?

A

The vena cava (superior and inferior) are large veins that carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium.

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11
Q

What is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle itself.

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12
Q

What is aortic stenosis?

A

Aortic stenosis is the narrowing of the aortic valve, which can restrict blood flow from the heart.

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13
Q

What is the function of the venous valves?

A

Venous valves prevent the backflow of blood in the veins, ensuring one-way flow towards the heart.

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14
Q

What is an atrial septal defect (ASD)?

A

Atrial septal defect (ASD): ASD is a hole in the septum between the right and left atrium, which can allow blood to bypass the lungs.

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15
Q

What is a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

A

Ventricular septal defect (VSD): VSD is a hole in the septum between the right and left ventricles, which can lead to excess blood flow to the lungs.

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16
Q

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot: A combination of four heart defects: VSD, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta.

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17
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta?

A

Coarctation of the aorta: Narrowing of the aorta, which can cause high blood pressure in the upper body and low blood pressure in the lower body.

18
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA): PDA is a condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth, leading to abnormal blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery.

19
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse?

A

Mitral valve prolapse is a condition where the mitral valve does not close properly, causing blood to leak backward into the left atrium.

20
Q

What is heart valve regurgitation?

A

Heart valve regurgitation occurs when a valve does not close tightly, allowing blood to flow backward in the heart.

21
Q

What is heart valve stenosis?

A

Heart valve stenosis is the narrowing of a heart valve, restricting blood flow through the valve.

22
Q

What is the function of the sinoatrial (SA) node and atrioventricular (AV) nodes?

A
  • The SA node is the natural pacemaker of the heart, located in the right atrium.
  • The AV node receives impulses from the SA node and delays them slightly before passing them to the ventricles.
23
Q

What is the Bundle of His?

A

The Bundle of His carries electrical impulses from the AV node down to the ventricles.

24
Q

What are Purkinje fibers?

A

Purkinje fibers are specialized conductive fibers that distribute the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles.

25
Q

What does the P-wave on an ECG represent?

A

The P-wave represents atrial depolarization, the electrical activity that triggers atrial contraction.

26
Q

What does the QRS complex on an ECG represent?

A

The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, the electrical activity that triggers ventricular contraction.

27
Q

What is the T-wave on an ECG?

A

The T-wave represents ventricular repolarization, the recovery phase of the ventricles after contraction.

28
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Atrial fibrillation is an irregular, often rapid heart rate that occurs when the atria beat out of coordination with the ventricles.

29
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia?

A

Ventricular tachycardia is a fast, irregular heart rate that originates from abnormal electrical signals in the ventricles.

30
Q

What is an ECG?

A

An ECG (electrocardiogram) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart.

31
Q

What is the role of the autonomic nervous system in heart function?

A

The autonomic nervous system controls the heart rate and force of contraction through sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways.

32
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system in the heart?

A

The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and contractility during stress or physical activity.

33
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system in the heart?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system slows down the heart rate and reduces contractility during rest.

34
Q

What is the role of catecholamines in heart function?

A

Catecholamines, such as adrenaline, increase heart rate and contractility in response to stress.

35
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, calculated as heart rate multiplied by stroke volume.

36
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle with each heartbeat.

37
Q

What is ejection fraction?

A

Ejection fraction is the percentage of blood that is ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat.
Ejection Fraction = (SV/EDV) x 100

38
Q

What is preload?

A

Preload is the amount of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, just before contraction.

39
Q

What is afterload?

A

Afterload is the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during systole.
Insert slide 10 from Lab CP Physiology PowerPoint

40
Q

What is Frank-Starling law?

A

The Frank-Starling law states that the strength of the heart’s contraction is directly related to the initial length of the cardiac muscle fibers (preload).

41
Q

Annuloplasty vs. Valvuloplasty = ?

A
  • Annuloplasty: fix the ring around the damaged valve.
  • Valvuloplasty: balloon to improve flow between valves.
42
Q

Coronary Artery Anatomy

  • Outer Layer = ?
  • Middle Layer = ?
  • Inner Layer = ?
A

I) Outer Layer = Adventitia

  • Support structure and involved with repair when damage occurs

II) Middle Layer = Tunica Media

  • Adjustments to diameter (dilation/constriction)

III) Inner Layer = Tunica Intima

  • Direct contact with blood

DPT 760 - Cardiopulmonary I (13 decks)

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