Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards
What is ischemic heart disease?
It is a condition caused by inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle.
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Age, gender, family history, and race.
Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
- Hypertension = ?
- Hypercholesterolemia = ?
- Physical Inactivity = ?
- Diabetes = ?
- Obesity = ?
-) Cigarette Smoking
- Current smoker or quit within last 6 months
- Hypertension
- > 130 and/or >80
- 2 readings/2 separate occasion
-) Hypercholesterolemia
- Total >200
- LDL > 130
- HDL < 40 men / < 50 women
-) Physical Inactivity
- < 75-150 min/week moderate to vigorous a week
- MET min/week = 500-1000 MET min/week
-) Diabetes
- Fasting >100mg/dL
- 2-hour glucose > 140mg
- HbA1c >5.7%
-) Obesity
- BMI >30; Waist circumference >40” (men), 35” (women)
-) On medications for HTN, HLD, Diabetes is also a risk factor
What are the Life’s Simple 7 recommended by AHA?
- avoid smoking
- engage in physical activity
- maintain ideal body weight
- eat a healthy diet
- manage blood pressure
- manage cholesterol
- manage fasting glucose
What is….
- hypertension = ?
- hypertensive heart disease = ?
Hypertension:
- A condition with systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg or diastolic >80 mmHg on two separate occasions.
Hypertensive heart disease:
- A condition where hypertension causes left ventricular hypertrophy, leading to decreased stroke volume.
What are the main goals of treating hypertension?
a) Goals
- normalize blood pressure,
- reverse left ventricular hypertrophy
- manage myocardial dysfunction
b) Pharmacologic treatment is the most common
- Diuretics, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and calcium-channel blockers.
What are beta-blockers used for?
They compete with epinephrine to reduce heart rate, decrease contractility, decrease cardiac output, and decrease blood pressure.
What are calcium-channel blockers used for?
They block calcium entry, reducing muscular contraction and promoting vasodilation.
What are the 2017 BP guidelines for normal, elevated, and hypertensive values?
- Normal: < 120 and < 80
- Elevated: 120-129 and < 80
- HTN Stage 1: 130-139 or 80-89
- HTN Stage 2: ≥ 140 or ≥ 90
What is the impact of exercise on hypertension?
a) Aerobic exercise training: somewhat strong evidence for reducing blood pressure
- By atleast 10mmHg systolic and/or diastolic
b) Resistance training: data considered to be lacking in strength and consistency
c) Must stay consistent with exercise program
What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?
CAD occurs when fatty deposits (plaque) build up in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.
What is the clinical course of atherosclerosis?
It can result in sudden cardiac death, stable or unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and cardiac muscle dysfunction.
- clear
- partial
- total
What is angina?
Chest pain caused by inadequate oxygen supply to the heart, relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.
What are the types of angina?
a) stable angina (predictable)
b) unstable angina (unpredictable)
c) Prinzmetal’s (variant) angina
- Angina caused by coronary artery vasospasm, occurring at rest and usually in the morning.
What are the symptoms of unstable angina?
Unpredictable chest pain, poor response to rest or nitroglycerin, and increased risk of myocardial infarction.