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DPT 760 - Cardiopulmonary I > Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is ischemic heart disease?

A

It is a condition caused by inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle.

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2
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

Age, gender, family history, and race.

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3
Q

Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

  • Hypertension = ?
  • Hypercholesterolemia = ?
  • Physical Inactivity = ?
  • Diabetes = ?
  • Obesity = ?
A

-) Cigarette Smoking

  • Current smoker or quit within last 6 months

- Hypertension

  • > 130 and/or >80
  • 2 readings/2 separate occasion

-) Hypercholesterolemia

  • Total >200
  • LDL > 130
  • HDL < 40 men / < 50 women

-) Physical Inactivity

  • < 75-150 min/week moderate to vigorous a week
  • MET min/week = 500-1000 MET min/week

-) Diabetes

  • Fasting >100mg/dL
  • 2-hour glucose > 140mg
  • HbA1c >5.7%

-) Obesity

  • BMI >30; Waist circumference >40” (men), 35” (women)

-) On medications for HTN, HLD, Diabetes is also a risk factor

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4
Q

What are the Life’s Simple 7 recommended by AHA?

A
  1. avoid smoking
  2. engage in physical activity
  3. maintain ideal body weight
  4. eat a healthy diet
  5. manage blood pressure
  6. manage cholesterol
  7. manage fasting glucose
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5
Q

What is….

  • hypertension = ?
  • hypertensive heart disease = ?
A

Hypertension:

  • A condition with systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg or diastolic >80 mmHg on two separate occasions.

Hypertensive heart disease:

  • A condition where hypertension causes left ventricular hypertrophy, leading to decreased stroke volume.
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6
Q

What are the main goals of treating hypertension?

A

a) Goals

  • normalize blood pressure,
  • reverse left ventricular hypertrophy
  • manage myocardial dysfunction

b) Pharmacologic treatment is the most common

  • Diuretics, vasodilators, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and calcium-channel blockers.
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7
Q

What are beta-blockers used for?

A

They compete with epinephrine to reduce heart rate, decrease contractility, decrease cardiac output, and decrease blood pressure.

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8
Q

What are calcium-channel blockers used for?

A

They block calcium entry, reducing muscular contraction and promoting vasodilation.

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9
Q

What are the 2017 BP guidelines for normal, elevated, and hypertensive values?

A
  • Normal: < 120 and < 80
  • Elevated: 120-129 and < 80
  • HTN Stage 1: 130-139 or 80-89
  • HTN Stage 2: ≥ 140 or ≥ 90
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10
Q

What is the impact of exercise on hypertension?

A

a) Aerobic exercise training: somewhat strong evidence for reducing blood pressure

  • By atleast 10mmHg systolic and/or diastolic

b) Resistance training: data considered to be lacking in strength and consistency

c) Must stay consistent with exercise program

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11
Q

What is coronary artery disease (CAD)?

A

CAD occurs when fatty deposits (plaque) build up in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.

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12
Q

What is the clinical course of atherosclerosis?

A

It can result in sudden cardiac death, stable or unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and cardiac muscle dysfunction.

  • clear
  • partial
  • total
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13
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain caused by inadequate oxygen supply to the heart, relieved by rest or nitroglycerin.

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14
Q

What are the types of angina?

A

a) stable angina (predictable)

b) unstable angina (unpredictable)

c) Prinzmetal’s (variant) angina

  • Angina caused by coronary artery vasospasm, occurring at rest and usually in the morning.
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of unstable angina?

A

Unpredictable chest pain, poor response to rest or nitroglycerin, and increased risk of myocardial infarction.

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16
Q

What is…

  • myocardial infarction = ?
  • cardiac markers elevated during a myocardial infarction = ?
A
  • Myocardial infarction: It is the death of heart muscle due to prolonged lack of oxygen, typically caused by a blocked coronary artery.
  • Troponin, creatine kinase (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
17
Q

What is the role of troponin in diagnosing MI?

A

Troponin is a cardiac marker that increases 4-6 hours after a heart attack and remains elevated for up to 7 days.

18
Q

What is…

  • Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) = ?
  • Precautions = ?
A
  • PCI: A non-surgical procedure using a balloon or stent to open blocked coronary arteries.
  • Monitor for bleeding at the insertion site, avoid strenuous activity, and follow physician’s guidelines.
19
Q

What is

  • coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) = ?
  • sternal precautions after CABG = ?
A

CABG:

  • A surgical procedure to bypass blocked coronary arteries and restore blood flow to the heart.

Pracautions:

  • No lifting >5-10 lbs, no pushing/pulling, avoid driving, and splint the chest when coughing.
20
Q

What are the effects of atherosclerosis?

A

It leads to the hardening and narrowing of arteries, reducing blood flow and causing ischemia.

21
Q

What are the implications of hypertension on left ventricular function?

A
  • hypertension causes left ventricular hypertrophy
  • reducing stroke volume, and
  • increasing heart rate
22
Q

What is the Valsalva maneuver and its effects on the heart?

A

The Valsalva maneuver increases intrathoracic pressure, reducing venous return and preload, affecting cardiac output.

23
Q

What are the main treatment goals for cardiovascular disease?

A
  • reduce risk factors
  • improve cardiac output
  • promote heart health through lifestyle modifications
24
Q

What is the significance of LDL in coronary artery disease?

A

High LDL levels contribute to plaque buildup in arteries, leading to atherosclerosis and heart disease.

25
Q

What is the difference between STEMI and NSTEMI?

A
  • STEMI is a full-thickness myocardial infarction with ST elevation.
  • NSTEMI is a partial-thickness infarction without ST elevation.
26
Q

What is the role of nitrates in managing angina?

A

Nitrates promote vasodilation, reducing oxygen demand and relieving chest pain.

27
Q

What is the main purpose of an angiogram?

A

To visualize the coronary arteries and assess the location and severity of blockages.

28
Q

What is heart failure?

A

A condition where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

29
Q

What is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

A

PAD is a condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, causing pain and discomfort during activity.

30
Q

What is the role of diuretics in managing hypertension?

A

Diuretics help reduce blood pressure by removing excess fluid from the body, decreasing blood volume.

31
Q

What are anticoagulants used for in cardiovascular treatment?

A

Anticoagulants prevent blood clots from forming, reducing the risk of stroke and heart attack.

32
Q

Angina Scale = ?

A

1 = Mild, barely noticeable

2 = Somewhat Strong, Moderate, Bothersome

3 = Moderately severe, very uncomfortable

4 = Very Severe, most intense pain ever experienced

33
Q

Balloon angioplasty vs. Balloon Valvuloplasty

A

Balloon angioplasty:

  • Widen the opening and increaseblood flow in the heart
  • Catheter with tiny balloon tip isinserted and inflated at side ofblockage

Balloon Valvuloplasty:

  • Utilized for valve stiffness orregurgitation
  • Inflates at the valve
  • Typicallybed rest for a few hoursafter
34
Q

IABP = ?

A

Intra-Aortic BalloonCounterpulsation(IABP)

35
Q

Right vs Left Catheterization

A

Right:

  • Performed through vein to get to right side of heart
  • Assess pressure in right side of heart and can diagnose pulmonary HTN
  • Assess R atrium, ventricle, tricuspid and pulmonic valve

Left:

  • Through artery (brachial, radial, or femoral) to assess left side of heart
  • Can assess coronary arteries through aorta
  • Primary test for CAD, MI
36
Q

MPI = ?

A

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging

DPT 760 - Cardiopulmonary I (21 decks)

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