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DPT 760 - Cardiopulmonary I > Obstructive Lung Disease > Flashcards

Obstructive Lung Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the difference between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases?

A
  • Restrictive lung disease is a problem getting air in (“Tight” or small lungs).
  • Obstructive lung disease is a problem getting air out (“Big” lungs).
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2
Q

What are the primary lung function test values for obstructive lung disease?

A
  • FEV1/FVC < 70%, indicates obstructive lung disease.
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3
Q

What are the hallmark features of COPD?

broad

A

COPD involves

  • chronic inflammation
  • narrowing of airways
  • air trapping
  • lung hyperinflation

Common forms include emphysema and chronic bronchitis

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4
Q

What’s the difference between emphysema and chronic bronchitis?

A

- Emphysema is characterized by alveolar sac destruction and air trapping (pink puffers).

- Chronic bronchitis involves mucus production, chronic cough, and airway blockage (blue bloaters).

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5
Q

What are the signs of lung hyperinflation seen in COPD?

A
  • increased AP diameter
  • barrel chest
  • horizontal ribs
  • flattened diaphragm on a chest X-ray

  • Larger than normal TLC and RV
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6
Q

What are common symptoms of COPD exacerbations?

A

COPD symptom exacerbations:

  • increased cough
  • dyspnea
  • purulent sputum
  • occasional wheezing
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7
Q

What is the role of pulmonary function tests (PFT) in diagnosing COPD?

A
  • PFTs assess airflow limitations by measuring FEV1 and FVC.
  • In obstructive diseases, FEV1 decreases and FEV1/FVC < 70%.
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8
Q

What is the main goal of medical management for COPD?

A
  • to relieve symptoms
  • prevent progression
  • improve exercise tolerance
  • prevent and treat complications
  • reduce mortality
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9
Q

What are physical therapy interventions for COPD?

A
  • secretion clearance
  • controlled breathing techniques (pursed lips, paced breathing)
  • endurance and strength training
  • postural reeducation
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10
Q

How does asthma differ from COPD?

A

Asthma involves reversible airway obstruction with episodes of airflow limitation, wheezing, and dyspnea.

COPD is a progressive, non-reversible condition.

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11
Q

What are the common triggers for asthma?

A

Asthma can be triggered by environmental factors such as allergens, smoke, pets, exercise, and respiratory infections.

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12
Q

What is bronchiectasis and its common symptoms?

A
  • Bronchiectasis involves chronic dilation of bronchi due to inflammation and infection.
  • Symptoms include chronic cough with purulent sputum, hemoptysis, and fatigue.
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13
Q

What is…

  • cystic fibrosis ?
  • symptoms ?
A

- Cystic fibrosis is a multisystem disorder affecting the lungs with thick mucus, leading to chronic infections, as well as the pancreas and intestines, affecting nutrient absorption.

- Symptoms Persistent cough, recurrent lung infections, thick mucus, poor growth, and greasy stools.

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14
Q

What are key physical exam findings in a patient with emphysema?

A
  • barrel chest
  • hyperresonance with percussion
  • prolonged expiratory phase
  • diminished breath sounds
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15
Q

What are physical exam findings in chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Rhonchi (low-pitched wheezing)
  • increased use of accessory muscles
  • productive cough lasting for at least 3 months over 2 consecutive years
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16
Q

What diagnostic tests confirm bronchiectasis?

A

CT scans showing the signet ring and tram-track signs, ABGs for VQ mismatch, and sputum testing for infection.

17
Q

What is the significance of the FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive lung diseases?

A

A ratio of <70% indicates airflow obstruction and suggests diseases like COPD or asthma.

18
Q

What physical therapy interventions are used for asthma management?

A
  • Airway clearance, breathing exercises, endurance training, and relaxation techniques.
  • Monitor exercise-induced asthma with bronchodilators prior to activity.
19
Q

What are the medical management goals for cystic fibrosis?

A
  • control infections
  • promote mucus clearance
  • improve nutrition
  • manage comorbidities like diabetes
20
Q

Explain…

  • Forced Vital Capacity = ?
  • Forced Expiratory Volume 1 = ?
  • FEV1/FVC ratio = ?
A

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): Maximum amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation

  • Low could suggest restrictive issues as elasticity is not normal

Forced Expiratory Volume 1 (FEV1): Amount of air exhaled in the first second as forcefully as possible from a full lung

  • Liters/second
  • Reduced speed could indication obstruction or narrowing in airways

FEV1/FVC ratio: Identification of airflow obstruction

  • < 70% = obstruction
  • > 70% = normal or restricted

  • Minute Ventilation = Tidal Volume (VT) x Respiratory Rate (RR)
21
Q

What are…

  • Emphysema = ?
  • Bronchitis / Chronic Bronchitis = ?
  • Bronchiectasis = ?
  • Asthma = ?
  • Cystic Fibrosis = ?
A

Obstructive Lung Disease Conditions (CANNOT GET THE AIR OUT):

  • Emphysema: Destruction of the alveolar walls and enlargement of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles
  • Bronchitis / Chronic Bronchitis: Inflammation of bronchi with hypertrophy of mucus secreting glands
  • Bronchiectasis: Progressive dilation of one or more bronchi with chronic inflammation and infection.
  • Asthma: Episodic obstructive lung disease and periods of relatively normal lung function
  • Cystic Fibrosis: Pulmonary system is affected by chronic airway obstruction and inflammation, thick tenacious mucus, and recurrent bacterial infections

  • Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis – most common forms of COPD
22
Q

Classifying COPD

  • Stage 1 = ?
  • Stage 2 = ?
  • Stage 3 = ?
  • Stage 4 = ?
A

(Stage 1) Mild:

  • FEV1 = > 80
  • FEV1/FEV = < .07
  • Symptoms = Chronic cough, +/- sputum

(Stage 2) Moderate:

  • FEV1 = > 50-80
  • FEV1/FEV = < .07
  • Symptoms = Chronic cough, +/- sputum, and dyspenea

(Stage 3) Severe:

  • FEV1 = > 30-50
  • FEV1/FEV = < .07
  • Symptoms = Chronic cough, +/- sputum, and dyspenea

(Stage 4) Very Severse:

  • FEV1 = < 30
  • FEV1/FEV = < .07
  • Symptoms = Chronic cough, +/- sputum, and dyspenea, respiratory or R heart failure, weight loss

DPT 760 - Cardiopulmonary I (21 decks)

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