systematics Flashcards
in the linnaean system, the use of unique ______ names each species. what does it mean?
binomen (made up of two parts)
what are the two parts of a binomial name? what do they make together?
genus name and specific name make the species name
groups of organisms are called
taxa/taxon
what are phylogenetic trees?
evolutionary trees that show the evolutionary relationship between organisms
the evolutionary relationship between organisms are derived from a ____________ and go down to its _______?
common ancestor, descendants
a phylogenetic tree is a?
hypothesis
what is the goal of phylogenetic trees?
organize species into groups with a common ancestry
what is a clade?
a monophyletic group that includes the ancestor at any node and its descendants
what is a speciation event?
where a lineage diverges
what is sister taxa?
two groups that share a recent common ancestor
what is a polytomy?
when here is not enough information
what is an outgroup?
a taxa that is closely related to the in-group, but diverged at an earlier time
what is an in-group?
the group of interest
the type of structure, behavior, and DNA sequence refer to a?
character
what is the principle of parsimony?
the best hypothesis requires the fewest number of evolutionary changes
what is a synapomorphy?
a shared, derived state
what is a symplesiomorphy?
a shared ancestral state
is a synapomorphy or symplesiomorphy useful for reconstructing phylogenetic trees?
synapomorphy
what is the similarity and difference between homologous and analogous characteristics?
homologous look the same and have the same evolutionary origin/common ancestry, whereas analogous appear the same by evolved independently/separate ancestries
what is convergence?
when a trait is evolved independently from its common ancestor due to similar environments
analogous traits arise through?
convergent evolution
the goal of systematics is to?
organize species into groups with a common ancestry through monophyletic taxa
what is a monophyletic group?
contains common ancestor and all descendants
what is a paraphyletic group?
groups that do not contain all descendants as taxa is excluded
