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bio 108 > fungi > Flashcards

fungi Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what species is fungi most closely related to?

A

animals

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2
Q

what are some characteristics of fungi’s common ancestor? (3)

A

aquatic
single celled
flagellated produce

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3
Q

what is a basic characteristic of fungi?

A

they are chemo-heterotrophs

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4
Q

what do they use for energy?

A

chemicals

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5
Q

what enzyme to fungi produce that is secreted outside of the cell?

A

exoenzyme

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6
Q

is a fungi’s digestion external or internal?

A

external

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7
Q

what do fungi’s enzymes break down? what do these molecules turn into?

A

fungi breaks down large organic molecules into smaller ones

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8
Q

smaller organic molecules are absorbed through what structure?

A

cell membrane

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9
Q

what do fungi eat?

A

other living organisms and plant tissue

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10
Q

simple organic molecules ________ by the body of fungus

A

absorbed

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11
Q

what do decomposer fungi do?

A

break down and absorb non-living matter

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12
Q

what do parasites do?

A

absorb nutrients from living cell hosts

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13
Q

what do mutualists do?

A

absorb nutrients from hosts, but give something back

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14
Q

fungi have cell walls made of?

A

chitin

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15
Q

what are the bodies of fungi composed of?

A

hyphae

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16
Q

what are hyphae?

A

thin filaments that spread throughout the environment

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17
Q

what do hyphae seek and feed on?

A

they seek on nutrients and feed on organic matter

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18
Q

what is a collection of hyphae called?

A

mycelium

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19
Q

what does the mycelium act as?

A

a feeding network

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20
Q

what kind of structure do hyphae have?

A

filamentous structure

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21
Q

a fungi’s filamentous structure provides them with a large?

A

surface area: volume ratio

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22
Q

why is fungi having a large surface are: volume ratio advantageous?

A

exoenzymes have a larger surface area to absorb nutrients back in

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23
Q

do hyphae grow length or width wise?

A

length

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24
Q

do fungi reproduce spores sexually or asexually?

A

both!

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25
Q

when fungi produce spores, are they diploid or haploid?

A

haploid

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26
Q

what processes (mitosis, meiosis, etc) are fungal spores produced by?

A

both mitosis and meiosis

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27
Q

________ (structure) makes spores through _________ (process)

A

zygote; meiosis

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28
Q

what form of reproduction will fungi do to be more efficient?

A

asexual reproduction

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29
Q

what type of reproduction will fungi use to increase genetic diversity?

A

sexual reproduction

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30
Q

what are the five phylum of fungi?

A

chytridiomycota, zygomycota, glomeromycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota

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31
Q

where does the phylum chytridiomycota inhabit?

A

mostly freshwater, some in soil, estuaries (transition between streams and rivers), or live inside the guts of animals

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32
Q

what do free living chytrids digest on?

A

dead organic matter

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33
Q

what do parasitic chytrids digest on?

A

tissues of the living hosts

34
Q

chytrids are implicated in the?

A

global decline of amphibians

35
Q

where do the phylum zygomycota inhabit?

A

soil or organic remains

36
Q

morphologically, phylum zygomycota are rather?

A

monotonous

37
Q

what does it mean to be monotonous?

A

mostly feed on organic matter in the environment

38
Q

what do we typically recognize phylum zygomycota as (where would we see this fungus in day-to-day life)?

A

black bread mold or mold on strawberries

39
Q

in the phylum glomeromycota, what type of relationship do all species engage in and with what organism?

A

mutualistic relationship with the roots of plants

40
Q

are glomeros chemotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

heterotrophic! they need to eat something

41
Q

what kind of plant species is most frequently in a mutualistic relationship with fungus?

A

vascular plants

42
Q

any species of fungus can form a ________________ relationship with fungus

A

mycorrhizal

43
Q

what is the largest phylum of fungi?

A

phylum ascomycota

44
Q

phylum ascomycota organisms live a variety of lifestyles, what do these consist of?

A

pathogens, decomposers, mutualists

45
Q

are phylum ascomycota unicellular or multicellular?

A

both!

46
Q

unicellular fungus are referred to as?

A

yeast

47
Q

what are phylum ascomycota defining feature?

A

production of sexually produced spores in sac-like asci

48
Q

what is an asci?

A

the fruit or flower of a mushroom

49
Q

what is phylum basidiomycota sexual structure?

A

the classic white grocery store mushroom and toadstool

50
Q

what function/lifestyle do most phylum basidiomycota live?

A

mostly decomposers of dead plant matter (especially lignin)

51
Q

what is the pedestal of the mushroom called?

A

basidium

52
Q

the cap of the mushroom contains thin vertical sheets of tissue called?

A

gills

53
Q

the gills of the mushroom are lined with millions of?

A

basidia (spore production)

54
Q

how are these spores dispersed?

A

by wind or water

55
Q

what are molds?

A

rapidly growing, asexually producing fungi

56
Q

what kinds of fungi produce mold?

A

any phylum

57
Q

mold is just the ________ the fungi is in

A

state

58
Q

what does mold often produce?

A

fuzzy growth of hyphae on the surface of organic substrates

59
Q

what phylum’s can have a yeast stage?

A

all of them

60
Q

where is yeast typically found?

A

moist environments including animal bodies

61
Q

how does yeast reproduce?

A

asexually by pinching of bud cells from the parents cell
(binary fission)

62
Q

what do yeast do when their food source begins to run out?

A

they start to make hyphae and become multicellular

63
Q

what does the availability of nutrients determine?

A

if the organism lives as fungi or yeast

64
Q

what is the role of decomposers?

A

break down complex organic compounds into inorganic material forms

65
Q

are decomposers chemotrophic or heterotrophic?

A

heterotrophic: eat dead things

66
Q

decomposers use nutrient and carbon cycling to?

A

release carbon and nutrints from dead tissues

67
Q

most soil-dwelling fungi make their living by?

A

decomposing plant matter

68
Q

fungi is more important than bacteria, as it is one of the few organisms that can break down what material?

A

lignin (wood)

69
Q

what is lichen?

A

symbiotic mixture of fungal hyphae and a photosynthetic partner

70
Q

what organism provides the fungi with carbon or organic nitrogen?

A

green algae (chlorophyta) or cyanobacteria

71
Q

what does the fungi provide the chlorophyta or cyanobacteria in return?

A

a place to grow. protection, water and mineral retention

72
Q

what is the mycorrhizae?

A

a mutualistic symbioses and combination of plant roots and fungi

73
Q

in plant-parasitic fungi, what is produced due to fungus digesting plant tissue?

A

necroses: ‘scabs’ and ‘cankers’

74
Q

how do fungi cause wilting?

A

when the hyphae blocks the xylem

75
Q

fungi the coat leaves and fruits are called?

A

powdery mildews

76
Q

how do some fungi parasitize invertebrates?

A

they produce spores inside the host or elaborate fruiting bodies that grow and kill insects and arachnids

77
Q

what does a fungi do when acting like a predator?

A

nematode traps: they make rings like a lasso around the nematode that kills it

78
Q

what is mycosis?

A

being infected with a fungus

79
Q

what is a cutaneous fungal infection? what shape does it make on the skin?

A

the digestion or keratin and dead tissue that makes a ring on the outer layer of skin

80
Q

what is a localized (has not spread everywhere) subcutaneous fungal infection?

A

infection due to wounds

81
Q

what is a systemic fungal infection?

A

the hyphae or yeast spread throughout the entire host body

bio 108 (22 decks)

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