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bio 108 > chordates > Flashcards

chordates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

tow character states chordates have that are nit synapomorphies are?

A

bilateral symmetry and segmentation

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2
Q

the phylum chordata has four synapomorphies (shared derived characteristics), what are they?

A
  1. notochords
  2. dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal clefts
  4. muscular, post-anal tail
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3
Q

what is the notochord?

A

a flexible rod located dorsally between the digestive tube and the nerve cord that provides structural support and allows for muscle attachment

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4
Q

what is a chordata’s notochord made out of?

A

cartilage

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5
Q

how does the hollow nerve cord develop?

A

from the neural plate of the ectoderm

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6
Q

what does the chordates nerve cord turn into among vertebrates?

A

brain tissue, nervous tissue and spinal cord

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7
Q

in most chordates, the pharyngeal clefts turn into?

A

pharyngeal slits

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8
Q

what purpose does the pharyngeal cleft serve?

A

allows water entering the mouth to exit without continuing through the entire digestive tract

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9
Q

what do the chordates pharyngeal slits turn into for vertebrates?

A

gas exchange/breathing

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10
Q

in terrestrial vertebrates, the pharyngeal cleft does not turn into slits! what does it turn into?

A

jaw support and parts of the ear

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11
Q

what is the function of chordates having a post-anal tail?

A

provides propulsive forces in swimming and for balance as a rudder

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12
Q

the first group to diverge from the chordates is called the?

A

cephalochordata (lancelets)

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13
Q

what are some characteristics of landcelets?

A

segmented
minimal cephalization
sedentary suspension feeders
breathe through the surface of their body wall

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14
Q

what are hox genes?

A

a highly conserved (relatively unchanged) nucleotide sequence to has regulatory genes!

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15
Q

what are regulatory genes?

A

proteins that turn other genes on or off; they determine what genes to express

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16
Q

what did lancelets help scientists discover?

A

lancelets do not have a well-developed brain, but they have the same genes you would see in the brain of a well-developed vertebrate, meaning that the brain evolved from something similar to a lancelets simple notochord

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17
Q

following cephalochordata came..?

A

urochordata (tunicates)

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18
Q

in urochordata’s larval stage, they possess?

A

all four synapomorphies

19
Q

tunicates undergo metamorphosis, meaning?

A

chordate characters begin to disappear

20
Q

tunicates notochord is a ______________ characteristic?

A

homologous

21
Q

chordates subphylum vertebrata posses what new structure?

A

vertebral column (backbone)

22
Q

what is the vertebrata’s backbone replacing?

A

the function of the notochord

23
Q

what does the backbone provide vertebrates with?

A

rigidity and attachment site for muscles and other skeletal elements, can grow against gravity, strength

24
Q

chordates subphylum vertebrata also has hox gene duplication. what does this allow chordates to have?

A

more complex body structures

25
Q

how many sets of hox genes are in hox gene duplication?

A

two or more

26
Q

what two groups make up our jawless vertebrates?

A

hagfish and lampreys

27
Q

what are some characteristics of the class myxini (hagfish)?

A
  1. skull and cranium composed of cartilage
  2. notochord
  3. tiny eyes that lack lenses
  4. protection by exuding slime from glands on the sides of their bodies. when it interacts with water, it expands
28
Q

what are some characteristics of the class petromyzontida (lampreys)

A
  1. sucker like mouth with hooks
  2. single lens eyes
  3. skeleton is made of cartilage that is not mineralized
  4. skulls are incomplete but made of cartilage
  5. notochord is surrounded by a cartilaginous tube that partially encloses the nerve chord
29
Q

what phylum includes fish with jaws?

A

gnathostomes

30
Q

gnathostomes have two pairs of?

A

limbs or fins

31
Q

gnathostomes had further duplication of ___ ______ which added?

A

hox genes which added genetic diversity

32
Q

what traits did the duplication of hox genes allow in gnathostomes?

A

sensory characteristics, larger brains, jaws, vision, smell

33
Q

how did jaws evolve?

A

modifications of two pairs of skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal slits (skeletal rods began to move forward which allowed them to become larger and form into the jaw)

34
Q

what did gnathostomes have some of their posterior slits specialized for?

A

gas exchange (gill slits)

35
Q

the class chondrichthyes were some of the first early jawed fish; this included animals such as?

A

sharks, rays and chimeras

36
Q

chondrichthyes had an ___________ made of cartilage and ____ teeth

A

endoskeleton, bony

37
Q

chondrichthyes cartilaginous skeleton what what kind of character state?

A

derived!

38
Q

development of most vertebrates occurs when..?

A

the skeleton is first cartilaginous and then becomes ossified (bony)

39
Q

does all cartilage in chondrichthyes become ossified?

A

no!

40
Q

what is the function of sharks, rays and chimeras nostrils?

A

only for smelling and capturing scent, not breathing

41
Q

through chonrichthyes pores around their head, they are able to detect?

A

electrical signals emitted by their surroundings that are generated by muscular movement of other animals

42
Q

sharks, rays and chimeras are able to detect vibrations in the water due to their?

A

lateral line

43
Q

how do sharks reproduce?

A

sperm transfers through copulation (internal fertilization)

bio 108 (22 decks)

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