SYS ENG [M1-M4] [PRELIMS] Flashcards
The process by which the needs and requirements are related to each other is produced through 2 principal processes called ___ and ___.
Elicitation and Elaboration
_________ (2 words) are attributed to the source and are normally gathered via interview or workshop
Elicited elements / Elicitation
Elaboration involves ____, where it entails breaking a higher-level requirement into those lower-level requirements that are explicitly required by it.
Decomposition
Elaboration involves ____, where requirements engineers drawing some inference. The stakeholders did not mention the req’t directly the ______ req’t is necessary part of the system design if one or more directly stated requirements is to be met
– Derivation
– Derived Req’t
(Read only)
Elaboration and Elicitation require req’t engineers to understand the following, which are…
– The Business
– The application domain
– The specific problem
– the needs and constraints of system stakeholders
– Acquisition and project management
– Req’t engineering and systems engineering
– The technologies and engineering involved
Which THREE of the following are NOT lower level activities to identify the needs and requirements of a stakeholder?
– Reverse Engineering
– Surveys or Questionnaires
– Benchmarking Processes
– Structured Workshop
– Interviews
– Market Analysis
– Competitive system Assessment
– Surveys or Questionnaires
– Structured Workshop
– Interviews
Which THREE of the following are NOT a lower level activity to identify the needs and requirements of a stakeholder?
– Technical Documentation Review
– Simulations, Models, and Prototypes
– Brainstorming and Problem-solving Sessions
– Participation in work activities
– Use cases or operational scenarios
– Observation of work studies (time & motion studies)
– Observation of system’s organization and political environment
– Simulations, Models, and Prototypes
– Brainstorming and Problem-solving Sessions
– – Use cases or operational scenarios
A ____ is the result of the formal transformation of one or more needs into an agreed-to obligation from an entity to perform some function or possess some quality (within specified constraints)
Requirement
A type of requirement describing some property, quality, or attribute, that the system must possess, a condition that must be met, or a constraint under which it must operate or be developed.
Non-Functional Req’t
A type of requirement describing something that the system should do or provide
Functional Requirement
Enumerate:
Requirement statements are supported by:
— _____
— _____
— _____
— Performance, verification, and rationale statements supporting each requirement
— Definitions of other systems
— Information about the application
True or False
The requirements in the Business Requirement Specs and Stakeholder Requirements Specs are not as formal as SyRS and they do not have the same structure.
False.
Not as formal but have the same structure
______ is the first and most important phase of the system design and development process
Conceptual System Design
It is the early and high-level life-cycle activity with the potential to establish, commit, and otherwise predertimine the function, form, cost, and development schedule of the desired system (and its products)
Conceptual System Design
True or False
Because the depth, effort, and cost of accomplishing these steps may vary, the process of conceptual system design also varies.
False
The process is applicable to any type of system.
Complex or Simple, large or small
What part of Conceptual System Design where it commences with the identification of a “want” or “desire” based on some real deficiency
Problem Definition and Need Identification
It is important to start by defining the _____ and then defining the need for a specific system capability. To answer why is it needed.
Problem
True or False
A comprehensive statement of the problem should be presented in general quantitative and qualitative terms.
False
A comprehensive statement of the problem should be presented in SPECIFIC quantitative and qualitative terms.
ENOUGH detail to justify progressing to the next step
True or False
Conceptual System Design encourages “Design it Now, Fix it Later” Philosophy
False. As this leads to unnecessary cost and delivery delay
Part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
Given the identified need for a system, the next stage of system planning and architecting can be initiated called the _____
Program management plan (PMP)
The PMP guides the development of requirements and the preparation of the _______ or _______
— SE Management Plan —- SE Plan
What part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
— Technical Reqt are determined
— Functional Architecture (hierarchy) is developed - System operational reqts
— Propose alternative techinical concepts
— Perform feasibility analyses of each proposed concepts
— Selecting maintenance and support approach, and so on
System Planning
What part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
Answers:
– What is required by the system in functional terms
– what functions must the system perform
– what are the primary and secondary fucntions?
– what must this be accomplished?
– how many times or what frequency must this be accomplished
Need identification
What part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
— Identify various system level design alternatives that could be pursued in response to the need
— evaluate the feasible approaches to find he most desirable in terms of performance, effectiveness, maintenance, sustaining support, and life cycle economic criteria
— recommend a preferred course of action
System Design and Feasibility Analysis
Part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
Once the need and technical approach have been defined, it is necessary to translate this into some form of ____ or a set of ____
– operational scenario
– operational requirements
What part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
Answers:
— What are the anticipated types and quantities of equipment, software, personnel, facilities, information, required, and where are they to be located
– How is the system to be utilized and for how long
— what are the expected interoperability requirements
— What is the anticipated environment at each operational site (user location)
System Operational Requirements
What part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
Defining ___ includes:
– Mission Definition
– Performance and Physical Parameters
– Operational Deployemnt and Distribution
– Operational Requirements
– Effectiveness factors
– Environmental Factors
System Operational requirement
In System Operational requirement,
____ is the identification of the prime and secondary missions of the system.
Asks the questions:
– what the system to accomplish,
– how will the system accomplish the objectives
Misson Definition
In System Operational requirement,
____ is the definition of operating characteristics and functions (size, weight, speed, range, accuracy, flow rate, capacity, transmit, receive, throughput)
Asks the question:
– What are the critical system performance parameters
Performance and Physical Parameters
In System Operational requirement,
___ is the identification of the quantity of equipment, software, personnel, facilities, and the expected geographical location to include transportation and mobility
Asks the questions:
– How much eqpt and software to be distribute? where located? how long?
– when does the system become fully operational?
Operational Deployment and Distribution
In System Operational requirement,
___ is the anticipated time that the system will be in operational use
asks the questions:
– what is the total inventory profile throughput the lifecycle?
– Who will be operating the system and for what period of time?
Operational Life cycle
In System Operational requirement,
____ is the system requirements specified as figures-of-merit (FOMs)
– Cost/System Effectiveness
– Operational Availability
– readiness Rate
Asks the question:
– How are these factors related to mission scenarios
Effectiveness Factors
In System Operational requirement,
_____ is the definition of the environment in which the system is expected to operate (temperature, humidity, etc.)
It also includes a range of values applicable, and should cover all transportation, handling, and storage modes.
Asks the questions:
– How will the system be handled in transit?
– to what will the system be subjected during its operational use, for how long?
Environmental Factor
In System Operational requirement,
____ is the anticipated usage of the system and its elements (operation hours per day, % of operational capacity, operational cycles per month, facility loading, and so on)
Asks the question:
– how is the system to be used by the customer, operator, and operating authority?
Utilization Requirements
In Conceptual System Design Procedure
The prime system elements must be designed in such a way that they can be efficiently and effectively supported through the entire system life cycle, and the ___ and ____ infrastructure must be responsive to this requirement
Maintenance and Support Infrastructure
What part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
Generally includes the FF items
– Levels of maintenance
– Repair Policies
– Organizational responsibilities
– Maintenance support elements
– Effectiveness Requirement
– Environment
System Maintenance and Support
In System Maintenance and Support,
_____ pertains to the division of functions and tasks for each area where maintenance is to be performed. also includes corrective and preventive maintenance
Levels of maintenance
In System Maintenance and Support,
______ may be responsibility of the customer, producer (supplier), and a third party
In System Maintenance and Support
In System Maintenance and Support,
A _____ may dictate that an item (in failure) is non-repairable, partially repairable, or full repairable.
it must be subsequetly updated as the design progresses and the results of the level of repair and supportability analysis becomes available.
Repair Policies
In System Maintenance and Support,
___ include supply supports, test and support eqpt, personnel and training, transpo and handling,etc.
Maintenance support elements
In System Maintenance and Support,
_____ consist of the effectiveness factors associated with the support capability
Effectiveness Requirements
What part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
The objective here is to derive the overall performance as to which the system must be designed
Technical Performance Measures
The _____ is a team approach to help ensure that the voice of the customer is reflected in the ultimate design
The Quality Function Deployment (House of Quality) (QFD)
What part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
______ is the iterative Process of breaking down requirements from the system-level, to the subsystem, and so on to identify input design criterai, constraints for the various elements of the system
Functional Analysis
Functional Analysis can be facilitated through the use of a ______ to structure the system-level functions to its sub-level functional descriptions (functional interfaces)
Functional Flow Block Diagrams (FFBD)
What part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
At this point, decisions must be made regarding:
– evaluation and selection of appropriate technologies
– “” “” of COTS components
– Subsystem and component packaging schemes
– Possible degrees of automation
– Alternative test and diagnostic routines
– various maintenance and support policies
System Trade-Off Analysis
What part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
The result from the previous activities in the conceptual design is used to establish the _________ for the system
System Specification
or
Specific “design-to” requirements
What part of Conceptual System Design Procedure:
____ purpose is to formally ad logically cover proposed design from total system standpoint in the most effective and most economical manner through a combined and integrated review effort
Conceptual Design Review
_____ is a one page document that summarizes the fundamental information of a project before it begins
Project Charter
True or False
A project charter is a two page document that summarizes the fundamental information of a project before it begins
False. one page only
The completed project chart is a ___ for the project kick-off
requirement
The ____:
— Clarifies the project objectives and scope
— addresses the needs of stakeholders
— defines roles and responsibilities
Project Charter
True or False
The style and content of a project charter will remain and not change with the industry and org
False. will change pa rin
What Content of a project charter?
______ describe the impact on the business in terms of benefits or savings and how the project is aligned to the company strategy
Business case summary
What Content of a project charter?
___ idetifies what is not working and where the pin point lies
Problem Statement
A _______ should precede any project to justify why the project is being selected
Business case analysis
true or false
a problem statement must be broad and long
False. must be brief and specific.
t or f
a problem statement should not include background information
True
t or f
A problem statement not discuss causes and solutions
true
What Content of a project charter?
____ defines the target for the project and should respond to the problem satement
goal statement
A goal statement often starts with 3 verbs, which are?
Increase… Reduce… Eliminate…
What Content of a project charter?
A ____ is typically composed of a dedicated project leader, team members, directed by a project sponsor
Project team
In a project team,
The _____ is/are responsible for providing direction, communication, facilitation, monitoring, and tracking
project leader
in a project team,
the ___ is/are responsible for executing the project activities to produce the desired outcomes
team members
in a project team,
the ____ facilitate/s the provision of necessary resources and provides support as required for the project’s successful execution
project sponsor
What Content of a project charter?
The ____ defines what is involved in the project and what is not
project scope
which includes dept, locations, customers, products, services, and processes
What Content of a project charter?
The ____ are the elements that identify the need for executing the project. It is needed to evaluate the outcomes of the project definition process and provide feedback as necessary
Customers / or Voice of the customers
What Content of a project charter?
The ____ must be taken into account during the project definition phase
Voice of the customer/business
What Content of a project charter?
___ tracks progress and brings attention to the future progress and results, which allows proj managers to take corrective actions promptly.
Project Metrics
The success of any project is measured by each or both of ______ and _____
Primary metrics
Financial Metrics
What Content of a project charter?
The ____ must be determined so that a project could be managed in terms of sched, cost, and resources.
Often represented by the start and expected completion dates
Project Time frame
T or F
Approximate completion date should remain the same as the project progresses
False. It should be revised overtime
A signature from a ______ to the project charter provides credibility and support to the proposed financial gains
Financial Representative
What Content of a project charter?
Includes approval by letting key stakeholders view and sign the project charter
Project Authorization Section
______is a focused methodology for carefully listening to the VOC then effectively responding to those needs and expectations. it also provides a clear framework to effectively define and convert the VOC into detailed eng specs to produce the systme to fulfill those requirement
Quality Function Deployment
_______ is a causality-driven, holistic approach to describing the interactive relationships between components inside a system as well as influences from the outside the system
Systems Thinking
T or F
Systems thinking is a perspective of understanding systems as collections of parts rather than as wholes
F. the other way around
_____ is a perspective of seeing and understanding systems as wholes rather than as collections of parts.
Systems thinking
_____ is a methodology used to study the behavior of complex systems overtime. it is a modeling approach that combines feedback loops, stocks and flows, and time deays to understand the behavior of systems
System Dynamics
Systems thinking (ST) or Systems dynamics (SD)?
___ provides qualitative framework for understanding how various elements interact within a system
ST
Systems thinking (ST) or Systems dynamics (SD)?
Adds Quantitative dimension, allowing for modeling and simulating systems to predict future behaviors over time
SD
Systems thinking (ST) or Systems dynamics (SD)?
_____ highlights the importance of feedback
ST
Systems thinking (ST) or Systems dynamics (SD)?
Uses feedback loops and delays to show how systems evolve over time.
SD
Systems thinking (ST) or Systems dynamics (SD)?
Provides the context to design policies
ST
Systems thinking (ST) or Systems dynamics (SD)?
helps test design policies through simulation models
sd
5 steps of System Dynamics
– Problem Definition
– Dynamic Hypothesis
– Simulation Model
– Testing
– Policy design
What step in system dynamics
_____ is a stage where the goal is to define the problem youre trying to solve. identify key variables, set a time horizon, and describe systems behavior over time.
Problem Definition
In Dynamic hypothesis, a _____ is created to hypothesize how the system’s elements interact and cause the observed behavior. Developing a mental model of the feedback loops
Causal Loop diagram
The ______ are used to quantify the causal loops relationships and set up a model that can be simulated to observe how the system behaves overtime.
Stock and Flow Diagram
After testing the developed system dynamics, ______ are created and simulated in the model to evaluate their effectiveness. The system is then simulated with it in place to see how they would affect the system’s behavior
Policies / policy design
_____ refers to how key variables in a system change over time. these changes often follow recognizable ____ that provide insights into the system’s underlying structure.
— System behavior
— Patterns
4 common patterns of system behaviors
– exponential growth
– goal seeking behavior
– s shaped growth
– oscillation
A type of system behavior
when an initial quantity of something starts to grow, and the rate of groth increases
Exponential Growth
A type of system behavior
when initial exponential growth is followed by goal seeking behavior, which results in the variable’s levelling off.
S shaped growth
A type of system behavior
when the quantitiy of interest start either above or below a goal level and overtime moves toward the goal.
Goal seeking behavior
A type of system behavior
When the quantity of interest fluctuates around some level
oscillation
_____ help us to understand and communicate the interactions that determine the dynamics of a system
Causal Loop Diagram
True or False
in a causal loop diagram, choose the more negative sense of a variable name.
False. must be positive
______ is a “Snapshot of all relationships that matter”. a visual representation of key variables (factors, issues, processes) and how they are interconnected
Causal Loop Diagrams
in a causal loop diagram,
The ___ between variables are the verbs in the system’s story. These links show how one variable influences another
Links
What type of Feedback loop?
_____ is a loop that amplifies changes in the system. it leads to exponential growth or collapse
reinforcing loop
in a causal loop diagram,
____ are the components or elements that can change overtime. They are the nouns in the system’s story
variables
Positive or Negative link?
_________ link describes a change of the one variable causes a change in the opposite direction for the other variable
While,
_________ link describes a change in the system of one variable has an effect in the same direction as the other variable.
— Negative link
— Positive Link
True or False
In a causal loop diagram, use variables that represent quantities that can vary overtime.
True
What type of Feedback loop?
____ is a loop that stabilizes the system and resists change. it works to bring the system back to equilibrium
Balancing Loop
______ shows relationships among variables which have the potential to change over time. it is fundamental to the concept of dynamic system, which is the idea that the dynamics or changes of stocks are caused by combinations of in and out flows that act in concert to increase or decrease in those stock.
Stock and Flow Diagrams
In a stock flow diagram:
_____ is an accumulation of Studd, either concrete or abstract that can increase or decrease overtime.
Stock
In a stock flow diagram:
_____ describe actions or processes that transport studd directly adding to, called inflow, or taking away from, called outflow, the accumulation in the stock
Flow
In a stock flow diagram:
_____ holds information about the system that afffects the rate of the flows, or that affects the values of another
converter
Which System Archetypes
One party A takes actions that are perceived by the other as a threat. the other party B responds in a similar manner, increasing the threat to A and resulting in more threatening actions by A.
Escalation
In a stock flow diagram:
____ can be represented within the flow/rate equations or as a disstinct item in stocks and flow diagrams
Constants
In a stock flow diagram:
A ____ is like the water in baththub, where the level of which can change overtime. _____ represents the water flowing out through a drain. ______ and _______ determine how quickly the water flows in and/or out.
— Stock
— inflow
— coverters
— connectors
In a stock flow diagram:
____ moves information from one element of the system or map to another
Connector
In a stock flow diagram:
_____ describes stocks that lie outside of the mode;’s boundary
sources and sinks
_____ are also known as classic system stories, generic structures, and templates.
System Archetypes
Which System Archetypes
Starts with 2 groups who have chosen to work together because they can mutually support each other’s success. if the alliance works, both groups will gain increasing success. the problem arises when one or both parties is not satisfied with its current performance, which unintentionally obstruct the partner’s sucess
Accidental adversaries
Which System Archetypes
_______ describes a gap between the goal and current reality can be resolved by taking corrective actions
Drifiting Goals
Which System Archetypes
In this archetype, growth approaches a limit that can be eliminated or pushed into the future if a capacity investments are made. instead, performance standards are lowered to justify underinvestments, leading to lower performance which further justifies underinvestments
Growth and Underinvestment
Which System Archetypes
In this archetype, conued efforts initially lead to improved performance. overtime, however, the system encounters a limit which causes the performance to slowdown or even decline, even as efforts continue to rise.
Limits to Success
Which System Archetypes
in this archetype, if a group is given more resources, it has a higher likelihood of succeeding than B. the initial success justifies devoting more resources to A, and B’s success diminishes, further justifying the more resource allocations to A
Success to the Successful
___ is:
– The whole (or set) that results
– Number of things are grouped
- Specific manner
– For particular reason (function)
system
___ describes the commonly ocuring combiation of reinforcing and balancing feedback
System archetype
Which System Archetypes
in this situation, a problem symptom cries out for resolution. A solution is quickly implemented that alleviates the symptom, but the unintended consequences exacerbate the problem. Over time, the sympotms return and becomes worse.
Fixes that Fails
Which System Archetypes
where each person pursues actions which are individually beneficial if the amount of activity grows too large for the system to support, however.the commons becomes experiences diminishing benefits
tragedy of the commons
Which System Archetypes
a problem is solved by applying a symptomatic solution, which diverts attention away from more fundamental solutons. in an addiction structure, this archetype degrades into an addictive pattern in which the side effect gets sp entrenched that it overwhelms the original problem symptom
Shifting the burden
Which System Archetypes
This archetype states that the result sought by a firm and which is the target of a growing action may be subject to multiple slowing actions, each of which represent an opportunity and an opportunity cost to managers. insight into deciding how scarce resources should be utilized to reduce or remove the slowing actions
attractiveness principle
Type of System:
– Religious System
– Gov System
– Social System
Philosophical System
What type of System?
– Solar System
– Satellite System
– Nervous System
Physical System
(Kasi nakikita)
In the composition of a system:
A ____ is the parts of a system
Components
A set of things interacting in a way that produces something greater than the sum of its parts
System
Type of System:
– Thermal System
– Mechanical System
– Electrical System
– Biological System
– Dynamic System
(Moving)
In systems engineering, a _____ can be simply defined as A set of elements that interact to achieve a stated purpose
system
What are 3 Composition of a System? enumerate
– Components (Parts)
– Attributes (Properties)
– Relationships (Interactions)
In the composition of a system:
A _____ is the properties of the components and as a whole.
Attributes
(AKA characteristics, configurations, qualities, state)
In the composition of a system:
_____ is the interactions of the components
Relationships
A ______ is implied to the system of interest (SOI)
System Boundary
?
Read only:
Characteristics of a system:
– all systems have a PURPOSE
– all parts of a system have a FUNCTION
– the performance of a system is affected by how the parts are arranged
– systems attempt to maintain STABILITY
The purpose of the system is called ____
mission
_____ Must:
– clearly staed by the business management and the stakeholders;
– represent the start point of the design process
– Provides the basis for the ultimate test (Validate, verify, and testing) of a system’s fitness for purpose
Mission
Complete the statement:
The mission of the system is to provide a ________ (1 word) to a ___________ (2 words)
- Solution
- Business Problem
True or False
The system’s Components, interactions, and boundaries are a result of a deliberate (intentional) design
Fill in the blanks:
… Thus, we call it ___________
True
Systems Engineering
Enumerate 4 Main classifications of systems:
– Closed / Open Systems
– Natural / Human-made / Human modified Systems
– Physical / Conceptual Systems
– Static / Dynamic Systems (Precedented / Unprecented Systems)
CNPS
Under “Types of Systems”
_____ INTERACTS with its operating ENVIRONMENT through inputs and output across the boundary
OPEN SYSTEM
Under “Types of Systems”
______ is ISOLATED (or has a very limited interaction) in its EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
closed system
True or False
A system must be managerially and operationally dependent
FALSE
(should be INDEPENDENT so as to procure and maintain independently)
Under “Types of Systems”
_____ contain natural elements and are result of a natural processes
Natural Systems
Under “Types of Systems”
_____ are natural systems that have been modified
HUman - Modified Systems
Under “Types of Systems”
_____ come into existence through the efforts of humans and may contain human made elements adapted to human designated purposes
Human-made systems
(sa ppt, Human modified systems pero baka typo)
Complete the statement:
We engineers must be interested in useful systems, which are _____
Open
Under “Types of Systems”
______ exist in physical form. They are composed of real components and consumes physical space
Physical Systems
True or False
We engineers must be interested interested in Human-made and Natural systems
false:
Human-made and modified systems.
Under “Types of Systems”
_____ do not have a physical form. symbols represent the attributes of components.
Conceptual Systems
True or False:
We engineers must be interested on both physical and conceptual systems
true
Conceptual systems only have ______ to represent the attribute of components
Symbols
Under “Types of Systems”
_____ exhibit behaviors (motion of systems under some influence of force)
Dynamic Systems
Under “Types of Systems”
______ do not move, do not change states (quickly)
Static Sytems
Under “Types of Systems”
_________ is a system produced before
Precedented System
Under “Types of Systems”
_______ has not been preeviously produced and requires substantial research and development
Unprecedented System
True or False:
Systems Engineering is interested predominantly in unprecedented system
FALSE:
should be precedented systems (those which we know how to engineer)
True or false
A wide variety of combinations of the characteristics can lead to a small number of types of systems, each of which has different properties
FALSE:
must be LARGE number of types of systems
Multiple multiple choice
Systems engineering is applied to an:
______ (close or open?), _____ (physical or conceptual?) system that are _____ (natural or human made/modified?) from largely _______ (precedented or unprecedented?) elements
– open
– physical (also pwede rin daw conceptual)
– human-made/modified
– precedented
A system can be described as ______ describing:
what the system will do
how well it will do it
how it will be tested
under what conditions it will perform
what other systems will be involved in its operation
Logical (or functional) descriptions
A system can be described as ______ describing:
– what the systems are
– how they look, they manufactured, they are tested, they are integrated
Physical descriptions
Both the physical and logical descriptions of a system comprise a series of statements which are called _____
Requirements
True or false
Physical and logical descriptions work together, but one should come before the other
true
True or false:
How we implement current “physical” system should not affect unnecessarily the way we might describe future systems
true
True or false
Upper-level trade-offs and feasibility analyses must be conducted at the “physical” level before deciding on the “logical” implementations
false.
logical level first before the physical implementations
True or false
When establishing a system, we develop the “physical” descriptions first
false. must be logical desc first
true or false
A “physical” description is usually suited to the interface between systems engineering and the business case
false. must be logical
true or false
a “physical” desc changes faster. a “logical” description changes slowly
true
______ is an interdisciplinary approach encompassing the entire technical effort to evolve into a verify an integrated and lyfe-cycle balanced set of system peopl, product, and process solutions that satisfy customer needs.
Systems engineering
Read only:
Systems Eng encompasses:
a.) technical efforts related to the development, manufacturing, verification, deployment, operations, support, disposal of, and user training for system product and processes.
b.) definition and management of the system configuration
c.) translation of the system definition into work breakdown structure
d.) development of information for management decision making
noted
____ is an interdisciplinary collaborative approach to derive, evolve, and verify a life-cycle balanced system solution which satisfies customer expectations and meets public acceptability
Systems eng
Fill in the blanks
Systems Eng is an approach to translate operational needs and requirements into operationally sutiable blocks of systems. the approach shall cosist of a ________ iterative process of requirements analysis, fucntional analysis, and allocation.
Top-down
______ is a modern approach to systems engineering that uses models as the primary means of capturing, analysing, designing, and communicating the information and decisions associated with the development of complex systems
MBSE
model based systems engineering
True or false
System is sometimes synonymous to be a product in a physical sense
true
True or false
– System delivers an operational capability not just products
true
true or false:
in logical description. the system’s mission is broken down into a hierarchical structure of its major functions - to form a functional hierarchy or a functional architecture
true
t or f
The physical hierarchy has simple 4-layer. arranged in this order
first layer: System
Second layer: Assemblies
Third layer: Components
4th layer: subsystem
False.
must be:
1 - system
2 - subsystem
3 - assemblies
4 - components
A ______ (in SE) is created through the proper and effective interaction of people, process, and technology. it realizes an ability that enables an organization to achieve their objectives.
Capability
True or False:
We can consider a system to be hierarchical composition of its elements (either logical or physical)
true
Under “Generic System Life Cycle
______ is The phase where the idea for a system is generated as a result of business planning.
Business needs are confirmed and supported by a ________
– Pre-acquisition Phase [Example: Grab App Idea]
– Business Case
4 Generic life cycle of SE
– Pre Acquisition Phase
– Acquisition Phase
– Utilization Phase
– Retirement Phase
Under “Generic System Life Cycle”
_____ is a phase focused on bringing the system into being and into service of the organization
Acquisition Phase
3 Requirements of the Acquisition Phase
Case: Grab App (To confirm)
– Business Requirements (Investments, who to employ, etc.)
– Stakeholder Requirements (Motor ng Driver, Wifi ng customer, etc.)
– System Requirements (Yung hinihingi talaga ng app before using the sysem: Valid ID, Plate number, driver’s license)
Case: Premiere Pro (or any heavy apps)
– Business Reqs (Investments, who to employ, etc.)
– Stakeholder Reqs (Working device)
– System Reqs (Minimum 50 GB computer, Updated Windows, Minimum Pixels.)
Under “Generic System Life Cycle”
The system is operated and supported during the _____ phase. They also undergo number of modifications and upgrades
Utilization phase
Under “Generic System Life Cycle”
______ phase could also be mark of another life cycle for the replacement system
Retirement Phase
When will Utilization Phase move to Retirement phase?
– If business no longer need the system
– if the system can no longer meet the functions required of it by the org
– no longer cost-effective to keep it in service.
True or False
The system life cycle engineering is applied predominantly on the activities of the pre-acquisition and utilization phases
False.
should be ACQUISITION and UTILIZATION phases
Under “Generic System Life Cycle
The Operational Use and System Support take place in WHAT PHASE?
Utilization Phase
Under “Generic System Life Cycle”
The conceptual design, preliminary design, detailed design & development, and construction/production take place in WHAT PHASE?
Acquisition Phase
Under Acquisition Phase:
_______ is the formal transition from the business world to the project world; From the mission statement to complete logical description of the SOI.
It also establish proper definition of the business reqs
Conceptual Design
Under Acquisition Phase; Conceptual Design:
______ is articulated and confirmed by the business management
BNR - Business needs and Requirements
Under Acquisition Phase; Conceptual Design:
BMR Are elaborated by the stake holder at the business operations level into a set of ________
Stakeholder needs and Requirements
Under Acquisition Phase; Conceptual Design:
SNR are elaborated by requirements engineers into system requirements in the ______
System Requirements Specifications
SyRS
Under Acquisition Phase; Conceptual Design:
The BNR, SNR, and the SyRS are the key elements to establishing the _____
Fucntional Baseline (FBL)
True or False
Functional Baseline (FBL) confirms the BNR, SNR, and SyRS, and provides a formal record of a design decisions and design acceptance (before moving to the next activity)
False ; SDR (Systems Design Review) instead of FBL
Under Acquisition Phase; Conceptual Design:
SNR are elaborated by requirements engineers into system reuiqrements in the _____
SyRS - System Requirements Specifications (SyRS)
Under Acquisition Phase; Conceptual Design:
The Conceptual Design ends with the ______
System Design and Review (SDR)
Under Acquisition Phase; Preliminary Design:
In the ABL, we group logically the functions in the FBL into sublevel physical groupings which we call _____
Configuration Items (CI)
Under Acquisition Phase
It converts the logical architecture of the initial FBL into descriptions of the physical subsystems that will meet system requirements
Preliminary Design
The Preliminary Design is a subsystem design known as ___
Allocated Baseline (ABL)
The Preliminary design phase completes with the _____
Preliminary Design Review (PDR)
Under Acquisition Phase
_____ Uses Engineering disciplines to develop the individual subsystems, assemblies, and components in the system
Detailed Design & Development
Under Acquisition Phase: Detailed Design & Development:
The Detailed Design & Development results in ____, as the system is now defined by numerous products (subsystem, assemblies, and components) as well as the materials and processes for manufacturing and construction.
Product Baseline (PBL)
Under Acquisition Phase: Detailed Design & Development:
The review at the end of Detailed Design & Development is called ____.
It is also the final design review which results in the official acceptance of the design and the subsequent commencement of the construction/production
Critical Design Review (CDR)
Under Acquisition Phase
It is the activitity where components are produced in accordance with the PBL specifications, and the system is ultimately constructed
Construction and/or Production
Under Acquisition Phase; Construction and/or Production
This activity ends with _____
Formal Qualification Review (FQR)
True or False
During the Utilization and Retirement Phase, Modifications may be necessary to rectify performance shortlfalls.
True
Enumerate 11 Parties Involved in developing a system
– CustomersCustomer or End-User
– Project Manager
– Systems Engineers
– Design and Development Team
– Integration Team
– Operations and Maintenance Team
– Suppliers and Vendors
– Regulatory Bodies
– Stakeholder
– End-of-Life Team
Under Parties Involved in developing a system:
Role:
– defines the systems requirements, expectations, and constraints based on their needs
Involvement:
– Provides input during the requirement gathering phase, participates in reviews, and gives feedback during testing and validation phases
– CustomersCustomer or End-User
Under Parties Involved in developing a system:
Roles:
Oversees the entire project, ensuring that timelines, budgets, and resources are managed effectively
Involvement:
Coordinates between all parties manages risks, and ensures the project meets its objectives
Project Manager
Under Parties Involved in developing a system:
Roles:
Lead the design, integration, and management of complex systems throughout their life cycle
Involvement:
Engage in requirements analysis, system design, integration, verification, validation, and deployment
Systems Engineers
Under Parties Involved in developing a system:
Roles:
Engineers, Architects, and developers who design and build the system components
Involvement:
Work on detailed design, coding, prototyping, and creating technical documentation
Design and Development Team
Under Parties Involved in developing a system:
Roles:
– Ensure the system meets the defined requirements and is free of defects
Involvement:
– Conducts testing at various stages including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing.
Test and Quality Assurance Team
Under Parties Involved in developing a system:
Roles:
– Integrates various subsystems and components into the final system
Involvement:
– Ensures compatibility between subsystems and performs integration testing
Integration Team
Under Parties Involved in developing a system:
Roles:
– Manages the system once it is deployed including monitoring, maintenance, and updates
Involvement:
– Engages in deployment, provides support, and ensures system availability and performance.
Operations and Maintenance Team
Under Parties Involved in developing a system:
Roles:
Provides hardware, software, or other system components
Involvement:
– Supply necessary materials or tools and may also provide technical support and warranties
Suppliers and Vendors
Under Parties Involved in developing a system:
Roles:
Ensure that the system complies with relevant laws, regulations, and standards
INvolvement:
Review and approve system designs, and conduct audits or inspections
Regulatory Bodies
Under Parties Involved in developing a system:
Roles:
Include individuals or organizations affected by the system but not directly involved in its development
Involvement:
may provide input during requirements gathering and feedback during testing and validation
Stakeholders
Which Party is the MOST RESPONSIBLE during the Pre Acquisition Phase?
– Enterprise / Business Management
Under Parties Involved in developing a system:
Roles:
manages the decommisioning of the system
Involvement:
Responsible for data migration, archiving, and disposal of system components in compliance with regulation
End-of-life Team
The 2 Parties most responsible during the Acquisition Phase
– Project Management
– Systems Engineering
(take note of order)
The Party MOST RESPONSIBLE during the Utilization Phase:
Operations
True or False:
Each party is responsible for only one phase in the lifecycle of developing a system.
False.
All parties are involved in ALL stages in the lifecylce, with roles and responsibilities of each part shifting in emphasis between stages
Type of Systems Engineering Process Models:
It is a linear and sequential approach where each phase (e.g. requirements, design, implementation, testing, deployment) is completed before the NEXT ONE begins.
– The Waterfall Model
Read only:
Best suited for projects that:
– Fixed Requirements / Little output variablity
– Specific Docs
– Well Understood technology
Type of Systems Engineering Process Models:
– Where development stages are paired with corresponding testing stages.
– Its left side represents the DECOMPOSITION of requirements
– Its Right side represents the Integration and Validation
“V” Model
Sample Projects:
– Medical Devices (MRI)
– Automative (Autonomous) Systems
– Railway Signaling Systems
– Defense Systems
– Spacecraft Systems
True or false:
In a V model:
– Its Left side represents the Integration and Validation
– Its Right side represents the DECOMPOSITION of requirements
False.
Right for first statment. Left for Second Statement
Type of Systems Engineering Process Models:
– The model is well suited for projects where requirements are expected to evolve overtime, and where feedback and refinement are critical to achieving the desired outcomes.
– It emphasizes developing the system in small, manageable portions (iterations), allowing for continous improvement and adaptation based on stakeholder feedback.
Iterative Model
– Web apps
– E-Commerce
– Educ Tech systems
– Game Development
Advantage: Flexible, Continous Feedback
Disadvantage: Expensive due to repeated Iterations
Type of Systems Engineering Process Models:
– Emphasizes iterative development
– Strong focus on risk management
– suited for complex, high risk, and where requirements are expected to evolve or be refined overtime
– 4 phases include Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering, and Evaluation
The Spiral Model
Preferred Projects:
– Large scale software development (ERP)
– Advanced Defense Systems
– Machine learning Systems
Advantage: Strong focus on Risk management
Disadvantage: constly and Time consuming
Type of Requirement Traceability:
_____ is required so that design decision can be traced from any given system - level requirement down to a detailed design decision
Forward Traceability
Type of Requirement Traceability:
_____ describes any lower level requirement is associated with at least one higher level requirement
Backward traceability
________ is described as the following:
– Assures the customer that all reqs can be accounted for in the design at any stage and that no unnecessary requiremnts are included.
– supports configuration management process
traceability
______ is a feature of a top-down design, which guarantees that requiremnts can be satisfied at any stage.
Requirements traceability
True or False:
Systems Engineering maintains a life-cycle focus as decisions are made
True
True or false:
Requirements traceability is a feature of a bottom-up design, which guarantees that requirements can be satisfied at any stage.
False: it is a top-down design.
True or False
Given that a system spends a majority of its life in the utilization, the life cycle cost (LCC) must be considered.
True
True/Flase
ystems Engineering recognizes that the system must be designed with balance in mind
True.
Example:
Balance system performance w/ other factors such as social, cultural, and psychological effects, etc.
True
Systems Engineering involve solely the engineering discipline
False.
– Can involve other disciplines as well such as finance; legal; etc.
– it is multidisciplinary & interdisciplinary
What are the 3 factors inside the Related disciplines of the systems engineering framework
– Systems Engineering Processes
– Systems Engineering Management
– Systems Engineering Tools
Under “SE Framework”
____ concentrates on the intent and main aim of each application of this foundation process.
it also emphasize the early acquisition phase activities
SE Processes
Which phase in the life cycle is where systems engineering has the most impact?
Early Acquisition Phase Activities
Under “SE Framework”
It oversees the systems engineering processes and plays a role in monitoring, directing, controlling, and reporting.
SE Management
Under “SE Framework”
what is the most critical part of the SE Framework?
SE Management
— That is why it is centrally placed in the framework
Under “SE Framework”
— they are the tools available to help managers and process people.
— Tools range from techniques and processes through information system to standards
SE Tools
It is a type of SE Tool that include popular engineering standards and capability maturity models
Management tools
It is a type of SE Tool that include requirement management systems, and assorted analysis, synthesis, and evaluation tools
Process tools
Systems Engineering relies on the continual application of the simple problem-solving process of _____, ______, and _____.
Systems Engineering relies on the continual application of the simple problem-solving process of _____, ______, and _____.
Which among the 3 (Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation?)
— It commences with perceived need for the system.
— It continues throughout the acquisition phase
— Where development of formal requirements takes place.
— describes what the system will do and how well it will do
Analysis
Which among the 3 (Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation?)
— It is the DESIGN and CREATION function
— describes how we can achieve the purpose and performance of a system
Synthesis
Which among the 3 (Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation?)
– performed to investigate tradeoffs between requirements and design, consider alternatives, and make decisions.
– Its ouput is the selection or confirmation of design
— may result in a set of discrepancies
evaluation
