DS M1-3 Flashcards
____ are naturally occuring events that can have adverse effects on humans
Hazards
_____ are hazardous events that have occured and have harmed human life and society
disasters
____ are disasters that stem from human error in controlling and handling technology
Technological disasters
____ are natural phenomena that help sustain life on planet earth
Hazard
What classification of natural hazards and disasters?
– Earth quake
– Mas movement
– Volcanic activity
Geophysical
What classification of natural hazards and disasters?
– Flood
– Landslide
– Wave Action
Hydrological
What classification of natural hazards and disasters?
– Storm
– Extreme Temperature
– Fog
Meteorological
What classification of natural hazards and disasters?
– Droug
– Glacial lake outburst
– wildfire
Climatological
What classification of natural hazards and disasters?
– Animal accident
– epidemic
– insect infestation
biological
What classification of natural hazards and disasters?
–Space weather
– impact
Extra terrestrial
Hazards are characterized by:
__________ is the destructiveness of an event; associated with probability of occurrence (i.e. return periods or recurrence intervals); the longer return period (less frequent or probability of happening) the greater the intensity
___________ is how quickly the peak of the hazard event occurs
___________ is show long the actual eent takes place
___________ the extent of area affected by the event
– Magnitude or intensity
– Speed of onset
– Duration
– Expanse
The situation of people,
infrastructure, housing, production capacities, and other tangible human assets located in hazard- prone areas.
Exposure
Describes the Susceptibility to adverse effects (loss, damage, etc.) of a hazard as determined by a myriad of factors such as physical, social, economic, and environmental factors.
Vulnerability
Lowering the RISK involves decreasing one of the three dimension. Which are?
– Exposure
– Vulnerability
– Hazard
True or False
if these are eliminated, the risk is also eliminated
– Exposure
– Vulnerability
– Hazard
true
The Philippines experiences an average of ___ cyclones per annum.
24
Largest rainfall events occur in the ____ and early ____ quarter of the year
– 3rd
– 4th
_____ experiences
typhoons the most typhoon landfalls;
What place the least in ____ and __________
– Northern Luzon
– MIndanao
– Palawan
Largest cyclones in recent world history
Typhoon Haiyan
Occur not only due to typhoon events; can also be caused by monsoons
Floods
______ (Urban or Rural?) flooding is attributed to insufficient drainage networks.
Urban Flooding
______ (Urban or Rural?) flooding result mainly from exacerbated rainfall.
Rural Flooding
On average, the Philippines receives ___ to ____ of rain annually.
1m to 4m
_____ season is usually from June to September, ____ from October to March
– Habagat
– Amihan
____ are:
* Commonly generated by earthquakes produced on the oceanic crust
* These can also be generated by underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions, extra-terrestrial impacts
Tsunamis
One of the tsunamis in recent Philippine history happened on August ____ (year) after an
_____ (number) earthquake in Moro Gulf that produced ____ (number) high waves.
– 1976
– 8.1
– 9m
_____ are natural hazards that has similar cause of seismic activity with volcanic activity
Earthquake
Note: Approx. 20 tremors
experienced daily by the PH
_______ are:
- Can be caused by seismic activity (dry) and by rainfall events (wet) * Common in mountainous areas
- Driving force is still gravitational but triggering force can
either be seismic or decrease in effective stress (geotechnical engineering concept)
Landslides
Volcanoes are located in the ____
Pacific Ring of Fire
IN the Philippines, Volcanic arc results from ____ Plate subducting beneath ____ Plate
– Philippine
– Eurasian
- Approx. there are _____ (number) volcanoes across the archipelago, while…
- ______ (number) active volcanoes that have evidence of erupting in the last 600 years.
– 300
– 24
One of the largest eruption in recorded Earth history was that of ______ (What volcano) in June 1991
Mt. Pinatubo
The shape of the earth
- oblate spheroid/ellipsoid
The earth has approx. _____ radius: slightly flattened at the poles and slightly larger radius at the equator by _____
– 6371km
– 22km
The earth has approx. _____ degrees tilt from perpendicular line to its orbital plane with a _______ (clockwise or counterclockwise) rotation as viewed from polar north
— 23.5
— counterclockwise
- Sun rotates at ____ days on average, tilted at ____ degrees from perpendicular line to Earth’s orbital plane
– 27
– 7.25
N. Hemisphere as reference
Summer reaches a maximum on what date
June 21
N. Hemisphere as reference
Autumn reaches a maximum on what date
September 21
N. Hemisphere as reference
Winter reaches a maximum on what date
December 21
N. Hemisphere as reference
Spring reaches a maximum on what date
March 21
- Moon completes rotation at approx. ___ days
27.3
____ gravity causes tidal forces – high tide
and low tide
Moon’s gravity
Crust has variable thickness and composition where:
* Continental: _____ km thick
* Oceanic: _____ km thick
– 10 - 70 km
– 8 - 10 km
Mantle is ____ thick, made up
predominantly of a rock called ____ (intrusive igneous)
– 3488km
– peridotite
Core is ____ radius, made up
primarily of with ____ some ____
– 2883km
– Fe
– Ni
What Layer of physical properties of the earth
____ is about 100km thick (up to 200km thick
beneath continents), very brittle, easily fractures at low temperature
Lithosphere
What Layer of physical properties of the earth
_____ is about 250km thick - solid rock,
but soft and flows easily (ductile)
Asthenosphere
What Layer of physical properties of the earth
_____ is about 2500km thick, solid rock, but still
capable of flowing.
Mesosphere
What Layer of physical properties of the earth
___ is 2250km thick, Fe and Ni, liquid
Outer Core
What Layer of physical properties of the earth
___ is 1230km radius, Fe and Ni, solid
inner core
Information about the layers of the earth are
determined from the ____ that
traverse the Earth
seismic waves
Notably, ___-waves do not travel through the
core because ____
— S-waves
— cannot travel through liquid
___ theory explains how the
movement of the plates gives rise to the
different events on the lithosphere.
- Plate tectonics theory
The Process below is called _____ which
causes the movement of the plates
Process:
- Heated solid material rises from the lower
mantle nearest to outer core to the upper
mantle just below the lithosphere.
* The material cools and circles back downwards due to the temp. gradient.
mantle convection
A collective term for the lithosphere (solid), hydrosphere (liquid esp. water), atmosphere (gas envelope), cryosphere (frozen ice) which directly affects the biosphere (living organisms).
Geosphere
- Processes that shape the lithosphere are mainly caused by _____.
plate tectonics
____ are releases of built up stress due to tectonic movement. _____ are discontinuities in the ground that distinguish large rock masses moving against each other while ____ occur at boundaries of tectonic plates (major and minor).
Earthquakes
Faults
trenches
- _____ are expulsion of magma due to pressure build up underground.
Volcanic eruptions
The ____ outlines the processes that shape the
lithosphere.
rock cycle
The main driving force of the rock cycle is the
_____ of the Earth.
internal heat
Part of the Geosphere that includes the water on and near the Earth’s surface
Hydrosphere
______ demonstrates the movement of water on the Earth’s surface.
Hydrologic/water cycle
The driving force behind Hydrologic/water cycle is the ______ from the Sun.
Radiant Heat
____ is phase change of a substance from liquid to gas. Water continually
evaporates from surface waters (e.g. primarily oceans, lakes, streams, etc.)
Evaporation
___ is the change of phase from gas to liquid.
Condensation
In the hydrosphere, Condensation occurs when water vapor (gas) forms into water droplets (liquid) upon contact with a _______ (e.g. dust particles) which is any non-gaseous material.
condensation nuclei
_____ is any form of water that falls on the Earth such as rain, snow, sleet, and
hail. These result from the accumulation of condensed water that collide and become
large and heavy to cause them to precipitate.
Precipitation
These major processes (Condensation, Precipitaiton, Evaporation) are most evident with oceans and manifest as _____ (i.e. typhoons and hurricanes).
cyclones
___ function as temperature regulators of the planet.
ocean
- All of the oceans are joined in a single large interconnected body of water called the _____
world ocean
The largest ocean on Earth is the Pacific Ocean with a surface area of about ______
155,557,000 km^2
- Surface currents in the Pacific move in a _____ (clockwise or counter clockwise) direction north of the equator.
clockwise
- Surface currents in the Pacific move in a _____ (clockwise, counterclockwise) direction south of the equator.
counter-clockwise
The second largest ocean on Earth is the _____ and covers about half the area of the Pacific Ocean which is a surface area of about _____
.
– Atlantic Ocean,
– 76,630,000 km2
- The _____ is the third largest ocean on Earth with a surface area of ______
– Indian Ocean
– 73,762,000 km2
- The smallest ocean is the _____ which covers ____
– Arctic ocean
– 14,560,000 km2
__ is water that contains insignificant amounts of salts.
fresh water
- Most of the _____water is locked up in icecaps and glaciers while the rest is found in places like lakes, rivers, wetlands, the soil, and atmosphere.
fresh water
- A _____ is a network of streams that drains water upstream towards the ocean.
river system
- ______ is freshwater stored in aquifers (beneath the ground) and can be used for various human uses although it only makes up ___% of total water on Earth.
– Groundwater
– 1%
Envelope of gases surrounding the Earth; composed of:
* Nitrogen — ____ percent
* Oxygen — ___ percent
* Argon — ____ percent
* Carbon dioxide — ___ percent
*Trace amounts of neon, helium, methane, krypton and hydrogen, as well as water vapor
- Nitrogen — 78 percent
- Oxygen — 21 percent
- Argon — 0.93 percent
- Carbon dioxide — 0.04 percent
Atmosphere is denser near the Earth’s surface because of ______
gravitational effects.
The atmosphere is divided into four layers based on temperature changes that occur at different distances above Earth’s surface, which are:
- Troposphere
- Stratosphere
- Mesosphere
- Thermosphere
___ is the layer of the atmosphere that lies immediately above the troposphere and extends from about ______ km above Earth’s surface. Almost all of the ozone (O3) in the atmosphere is concentrated in the stratosphere.
– Stratosphere
– 18 to 50 km
__ one of the layers of the atmosphere that extends to an altitude of about 80 km.
Mesosphere
___ one of the layers of the atmosphere that was located farthest from Earth’s surface is the thermosphere.
Here, nitrogen and oxygen absorb solar radiation resulting in temperatures measuring above ____
ºC.
– Thermosphere
– 2,000
true or false
The absorption of X rays and gamma rays by nitrogen and
oxygen causes atoms to become electrically charged.
true
____ is the energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and infrared waves.
Radiation
____ is the transfer of energy as heat through a material.
Conduction
____ is the movement of matter due to differences in density that are caused by temperature variations an can
result in the transfer of energy as heat.
Convection
The ______ is the warming of the surface and lower atmosphere of Earth that occurs when carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and reradiate
infrared radiation.
greenhouse effect
_____ shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere that creates seismic waves
EARTHQUAKES
- plates are in _____ (very fast or very slow?) motion that their boundaries are in friction
very slow
One of the stresses in rock mass caused by gravitational
pressure of overlying land mass and lateral
earth pressures
confining stress
One of the stresses in rock mass that pulls rock mass
apart
tensile (extensional) stress pulls rock mass apart
One of the stresses in rock mass that pushes rock mass
together
compressional stress
One of the stresses in rock mass that split/sliding of rock mass
Shear stress
Stresses in rock mass cause accompanying change in volume or strain. The deformation stages of stress-strain build up are mainly:
_________ – recoverable strain
_________ - – irrecoverable strain but no rupture (formation of discontinuity)
_________ - material ruptures
- Elastic deformation –
- Ductile deformation –
- Fracture
true or false:
In context of earthquakes, – lower temperature, more ductile behavior
false
should be:
lower temperature, less ductile behavior
true or false:
lower confining stress, lower tendency for fracture
false
should be:
lower confining stress, higher tendency for fracture
true or false:
slower loading/strain rates, more time to accommodate ductile deformation
true
true or false:
mineralogical make-up influences overall
behavior
true
true or false
Presence of water decreases ductile behavior by reacting with specific minerals in the rock
false.
it INCREASES. not decreases
true or false:
Earthquakes can also be generated by large scale explosions, underwater
mass movement, meteor impacts, volcanic activity
true
Parts of the Fault
______ is the surface that the movement has taken place within the fault. on this surface the dip and strike of the fault is measured
Fault plane
Parts of the Fault
______ the rock mass resting the fault plane.
hanging wall
Parts of the Fault
______ the rock mass beneath the fault plane.
Footwall
Parts of the Fault
______ Describes the movement parallel to the fault plane
slip
Parts of the Fault
____ Describes the up and down movement parallel to the dip direction of the fault
dip slip
Parts of the Fault
_____ applies where movement is parallel to strike of the fault plane
strike slip
Parts of the Fault
_____ is a combination of strike slip and dip slip
oblique slip
Parts of the Fault
_____ is the total amount of motion measured parallel to the direction of motion
net slip (true displacement)
Parts of the Fault
_____ is the amount of apparent offset of a faulted surface, measured in specified direction. there are strike separation, dip separation, and net separation.
separation
Parts of the Fault
__ is the horizontal componenet of dip separation measured perpendicular to strike of the fault
heave
Parts of the Fault
___ the vertical component measured in vertial plane containing the dip
throw
special type of horizontal movement of rock mass/plates lateral
to spreading centers or
trenches fault
transform faults
Produce vibrations in the ground that can be broken down into four (4) seismic wave types, which are:
– Pressure/Primary (P) waves
– Shear/Secondary (S) waves
– Love/Quer (Q) waves
– Rayleigh waves
true or false
- larger earthquakes have larger rupture surfaces and release
more energy that is manifested in longer-period seismic waves
true
true or false
surface waves can cause the most damage to built assets and
structures
true
- seismic motion is measured by a ____
seismometer
- strength of an earthquake is quantified according to _____
magnitude
the severity of effects on humans and built environment is
qualified according an _____
intensity scale
Exact Magnitude, date, and time when the 1990 luzon earthquake ocurred?
– 7.8 Ms
– July 16 1990, 4:26 (PDT)
Note:
Epicenter at 15º 42’ N and 121º 7’ E near Rizal, Nueva
Ecija
1990 Luzon Earthquake
____(number) km ground rupture from Dingalan, Aurora to Kayapa, Nueva Vizcaya
125
Exact magnitude and dates of Foreshocks during the 1990 luzon earthquake
- MS 3 - 5
- 01, 06, and 13 April and 05 May 1990
Exact magnitude, NUMBER, and timeframe of aftershocks during the 1990 luzon earthquake
- 444 aftershocks
- Ms 4 - 6
- July 1990 to December 1991
How many casualities (1990 Earthquake)
1200
Amount (in pesos) of damage caused by the Luzon Earthquake
Php 10 B
True or False
Millions of landslides occured due to 1990 Luzon Earthquake
False;
Hundreds of thousands
____ is one of the effects of earthquake where:
- loss of strength in saturated fine cohesionless soil due to sudden escape of water
- causes land subsidence and displacement of structures
Liquefaction
Liquefaction during the 1990 luzon earthquake is documented in ___
dagupan
What are 2 variables that affect damage during earthquakes
– intensity of shaking
– Engineering
_____ are building level relatively less stiff than other storeys of the bldg.
Soft storey
True or false
one of the adverse effects of the 1990 luzon earthquake is flooding due to elevation changes and stream re-diversion
true
true or false
Taller, flexible buildings perform better on soft soil sites that transmit longer-period (short-frequency) vibrations.
false.
they perform better on hard rock sites that transmit short-period (highfrequency) vibrations.
true or false
Shorter, stiffer buildings perform better on on hard
rock sites that transmit short-period
false.
they perform better on soft soil sites that transmit
longer-period (short-frequency) vibrations.
true or false
- Timber structures are more flexible and
lightweight compared with reinforced concrete.
true
true or false
- If the ground motion (i.e. shaking from earthquake) has the same resonance with a structure, then that can
cause the largest oscillations for that structure.
true
True or false
Reduction/change of resonance can be done via:
* Moving largest weight to upper floors
false. large weights should be on lower floors
Structural design or retrofit techniques:
(a) ____ – addition of diagonal members to
redistribute lateral forces
(b) ___ – additional stiffness where needed
(c) ____ – additional stiffness without compromise to openings
(d) ____ – additional lateral confinement
(e) _____ – “separates” the lateral motion of the structure from the ground motion
(f) _____ – reduces amplitude of vibration
– Brace
– Infill
– Frame
– Buttress
– Base Isolation
– Seismic damper
true or false
One of the structural detailing design improvements is the decrease in column ties – which will create more confinement against compression failure
false.
should increase column ties instead
After the 1990 Luzon Earthquake, monitoring stations increased from 12 to ___ stations across the country
104
true or false
One of Structural detailing design improvements is the Connection detail for non-load bearing
elements
true
true or false
- Volcanoes only form where magmas form.
true
true or false
Magma are silicate liquids and NOT iron-based; THEREFORE, magma comes from the outer core (the only liquid part of the inner earth).
false;
it DOES NOT come from the outer core
One of the ways magma forms is ___ where:
increase in geothermal gradient due to convection;
upwelling mantle moves up to areas of lower
pressure; commonly occurs at divergent zones
(continental rift valleys and ocean ridges) and
at hot spots
Decompression melting
One of the ways magma forms is ___ where:
localized increase in geothermal gradient due to repeated intrusion of magma; leads to melting of surrounding rock and generation of new magma; commonly occurs at divergence zones (continental rift valleys and ocean ridges) and at hot spots
Transfer of Heat
One of the ways magma forms is ___ where:
introduction of water lowers
melting point of rock material; this happen in
subduction (convergent) zones – water in
subducting plate lowers melting point of the mantle
and generate partial melts that rise to the surface.
Flux melting
the gas bubble in magmas does not simply burst and instead pressure builds up that results in explosive eruption once it reaches the surface; manifests as a volcanic eruption.
This is due to the magma having ______ (high or low?) viscosity
high
the gas bubble in magmas simply bursts in a non-explosive eruption when it reaches the surface; commonly manifests as lava flow.
This is due to the magma having ______ (high or low?) viscosity
low viscosity
Effusive eruptions are common to _____ (high or low?) gas content and _____ (high or low?) viscosity magmas
- low gas content, low viscosity
magmas
___ is the term for magma that has reached
the surface
lava
One of the types of lava flow
smooth flow due to low viscosity; smooth skin formation that can deform plastically
Pahoehoe flow
One of the types of lava flow
higher viscosity that flows slower
than pahoehoe; has rough clinker surface
A‘ā flow
One of the types of lava flow
similar to pahoehoe but underwater;
rapid cooling of inflating toe stacks up like a pile of
pillows
Pillow lava
One of the types of lava flow
high viscosity; does not move far from the vent
Block (siliceous) lava flow –
One of the types of lava flow
– lava piles up over the vent & does not flow away,
dome grows larger internally & the outer layer shatters and fragments
Lava dome
true or false
explosive eruptions are Common to high gas content, high viscosity magmas
true
_____ (‘hot fragments’) refer to any
eruptive volcanic fragment, while ______ is a collective term for these unconsolidated fragments that were airborne.
– Pyroclasts
– Tephra
_____ are angular fragments that
were solid when ejected; _____ were
liquid when ejected and formed
aerodynamic shape when cooling in air
– Blocks
– bombs
Determine the Ave. Particle Size (mm) per Tephra
– Ash : ______
– Lapilli: _____
– Bombs and Blocks: ____
– <2
– 2 - 64
– >64
- Bombs and lapilli that abound with gas bubbles
inside (vesicles) become highly vesicular rock
fragments termed _______.
pumice
Gas clouds and tephra produce an eruption column (can rise up to 45km into atmosphere). The solid
particles get carried by the wind and eventually
deposit downward as ______
tephra fall (or ash fall).
true or false
Deposits of explosive eruptions thin out the farther the locations is from the vent.
true
_____ tend to be the most dangerous type of eruption due to its speed – esp. when compared with the effects of an eruption column. But the two do not occur
exclusively
Pyroclastic flows
Outward release of pressure, instead of the common upward direction, can cause _____. This may also be triggered by sudden exposure of magma after a
landslide or lava dome collapse.
lateral blasts
One of the types of volcanic eruptions
____ is:
considered effusive; characterized by low viscosity magma discharge; lava flows from the vent moderately
* Very small amounts of ash produced
* Occurs at the main vent or at fissure
vents
Hawaiian eruption
One of the types of volcanic eruptions
____ is:
- mildly explosive; produces low elevation eruption columns and pyroclastic fall
* Characterized by ejection of distinct cinders, lapilli and lava bombs to heights of tens to hundreds of meters
* Lava flows can erupt from vents on the flanks of the small cones
* A small cone of tephra (cinder cone) can form near the vent
* Eruptions are small to medium in volume, with sporadic violence
Strombolian eruption
One of the types of volcanic eruptions
____ is:
- very explosive; characterized by sustained explosions of solidified or highly viscous magma
- Eruption columns extend few kilometers but can often collapse into pyroclastic flow
- Qualitatively described as “explosions like cannon fire at irregular intervals”
- Dangerous to persons within several hundred meters of the vent due to ejected volcanic blocks and bombs
Vulcanian Eruption
One of the types of volcanic eruptions
____ is:
- violently explosive; characterized by glowing avalanches as a type of block-and-ash flow
- These eruptions may result from the collapse a lava dome, with or without a directed blast, giving rise to glowing avalanches.
- The viscous magma then forms a steep-sided dome or volcanic spine in the volcano’s vent.
Peléan eruption –
One of the types of volcanic eruptions
____ is:
- violently explosive; characterized by eruption columns that may extend up to 45 km above the vent resulting
from eruptions and sustained ejection of magma. - Eruption columns produce widespread fall deposits with thickness decreasing away from the vent and
may exhibit eruption column collapse to produce pyroclastic flows. - Ash clouds can circle the Earth in a matter of days
Plinian eruption
One of the types of volcanic eruptions
____ is:
- violently explosive although the distribution of pyroclasts around the vent is much less than in a Plinian eruption.
- Produced when magma comes in contact with shallow groundwater causing the groundwater to flash to
steam and be ejected along with preexisting fragments of the rock and tephra from the magma
Phreatomagmatic eruption
One of the types of volcanic eruptions
____ is:
- steam blast eruptions; no magma reaches the surface; no lava flow.
- Results when magma encounters shallow groundwater, flashing (sudden increase in temp) the
groundwater to steam, which is explosively ejected along with preexiting fragments of rock
Phreatic Eruption
One of the effects of volcanism (Primary):
- Least explosive to effusive
- Common to Hawaiian and Strombolian eruptions
- Usually, slow enough for people to outrun
- Most damaging to property and assets
- Can virtually destroy anything
Lava flows
One of the effects of volcanism (Primary):
- Explosive
- Pyroclastic flows can cause death by suffocation and burning
- Rapid movement that are usually inescapable
- Tephra (ash fall) deposits can cause roofing collapse
- Destroys crops and vegetation
Violent Eruptions and Pyroclastic Activity
One of the effects of volcanism (Primary):
- Hydrogen Chloride (HCl), Hydrogen Sulfide
(H2S), Hydrogen Fluoride (HF), and Carbon
Dioxide (CO2 ) - Dangerous to living organisms through
inhalation, direct ingestion, or ingestion of plants
which absorbed these chemicals - CO2 gas emission from Lake Nyos in Cameroon
killed more than 1700 people and 3000 cattle in
1986.
Poisonous Gas Emissions
One of the effects of volcanism (Secondary and Tertiary):
The unconsolidated tephra deposits on the
landscape.
* These are washed down and have properties
similar to a slurry or wet concrete
* Develop great momentum that can destroy
bridges, dikes, etc.
Lahars
One of the effects of volcanism (Secondary and Tertiary):
- Slopes over-steepen due to material deposition.
- Can cause landslide (slope instability)
Debris Avalanches and Debris Flows
Volcanic ash and _____ gases can reflect solar
radiation and lower global temperatures (shortterm climate effect)
SO2
What type of volcano
it has erupted in recorded history
Active volcano
What type of volcano
no historic activity and no other sign of activity (e.g., Mt. Iraya)
Extinct Volcano
There are about ____ (number) active volcanoes worldwide; ______ volcanoes erupt annually
– 600
– 50 to 60
What type of volcano
sleeping volcano; no recorded historic activity but shows geologic activity in recent past (e.g., Mt. Makiling)
Dormant Volcano
true or false
Geologic studies are absolutely necessary for the
characterization volcanic activity. Understanding the stratigraphy of the ground around
the volcano provides information in geologic time scale.
true
true or false
Monitoring magmatic movement indirectly and
other telltale signs of volcanic activity ascertains if an eruption is forthcoming
true
true or false
reduction in magnetic field can be a sign that magnetite present in rocks are heated to about 500degC (Curie
Temp.) resulting in nullified magnetism.
true
true or false
with increased magmatic movement electrical resistivity generally decreases as indicated by ground electrode readings
false. electrical resistivity increases
true or false
changes in surface heat
indexes can be measured by infrared remote sensing
may be indicative of magma rising
true
enumerate 8 short term prediction to monitor volcanic eruptions
– Seismic Exploration and Monitoring
– Changes in Magnetic Field
– Changes in Electrical Resistivity
– Ground Deformation
– Changes in Groundwater System
– Changes in Heat Flow
– Changes in Gas Compositions
____ is a process that determines the structure and characteristics of the lithosphere through time
Tectonics
_____ - describes the movement of crustal
plates and the phenomenon associated with their relative motion
Plate Tectonics theory
____ is study of the movements and interactions of the
plate
PLate tectonics
(1) pulling apart during seafloor spreading at ______;
(2) lateral sliding past adjacent plates at _____;
(3) collision of plates at ______
– divergence zones
– transform faults
– convergence zones
age of rocks from oceanic basins – oldest records are about ____ years old compared with oldest continental rock samples which are about ____ years old
– 200M
– 4B
if land masses were cut at edges where low-density, continental rock mass transition to high-density oceanic rock mass, these “pieces” can be used to assemble previous continent configuration; these “cut” boundaries occur at about _____ water depth and not at
shorelines
1,800m
_____ implies that the natural laws produce certain effects, as they had always done so on the past, and will continue to do so in the future, regardless of rate
of occurrence
Uniformitarianism
most of the archipelago lies on this complex boundary termed ____
Philippine Mobile Belt
____ and the ______subducts beneath the Philippine Mobile Belt forming the Philippine Trench and Manila Trench, respectively
– Philippine Sea Plate
– Eurasian Plate
The Philippine Fault Zone cuts through the archipelago and exhibits a left-lateral strike-slip fault system parallel to the _______
Philippine Trench
Palawan and Calamian islands, the Sulu archipelago,
and Zamboanga Peninsula of western Mindanao are
part of the _____
Sunda Plate
Uniformitarianism is espoused by ___
James Hutton 1780
– the term adapted by the geologists describing the “building of topography and the deformation and movement within Earth’s outer layers”.
Tectonics
grand “recycling” of the upper few hundred kilometers of Eart
tectonic cycle
