DS M1-3 Flashcards
____ are naturally occuring events that can have adverse effects on humans
Hazards
_____ are hazardous events that have occured and have harmed human life and society
disasters
____ are disasters that stem from human error in controlling and handling technology
Technological disasters
____ are natural phenomena that help sustain life on planet earth
Hazard
What classification of natural hazards and disasters?
– Earth quake
– Mas movement
– Volcanic activity
Geophysical
What classification of natural hazards and disasters?
– Flood
– Landslide
– Wave Action
Hydrological
What classification of natural hazards and disasters?
– Storm
– Extreme Temperature
– Fog
Meteorological
What classification of natural hazards and disasters?
– Droug
– Glacial lake outburst
– wildfire
Climatological
What classification of natural hazards and disasters?
– Animal accident
– epidemic
– insect infestation
biological
What classification of natural hazards and disasters?
–Space weather
– impact
Extra terrestrial
Hazards are characterized by:
__________ is the destructiveness of an event; associated with probability of occurrence (i.e. return periods or recurrence intervals); the longer return period (less frequent or probability of happening) the greater the intensity
___________ is how quickly the peak of the hazard event occurs
___________ is show long the actual eent takes place
___________ the extent of area affected by the event
– Magnitude or intensity
– Speed of onset
– Duration
– Expanse
The situation of people,
infrastructure, housing, production capacities, and other tangible human assets located in hazard- prone areas.
Exposure
Describes the Susceptibility to adverse effects (loss, damage, etc.) of a hazard as determined by a myriad of factors such as physical, social, economic, and environmental factors.
Vulnerability
Lowering the RISK involves decreasing one of the three dimension. Which are?
– Exposure
– Vulnerability
– Hazard
True or False
if these are eliminated, the risk is also eliminated
– Exposure
– Vulnerability
– Hazard
true
The Philippines experiences an average of ___ cyclones per annum.
24
Largest rainfall events occur in the ____ and early ____ quarter of the year
– 3rd
– 4th
_____ experiences
typhoons the most typhoon landfalls;
What place the least in ____ and __________
– Northern Luzon
– MIndanao
– Palawan
Largest cyclones in recent world history
Typhoon Haiyan
Occur not only due to typhoon events; can also be caused by monsoons
Floods
______ (Urban or Rural?) flooding is attributed to insufficient drainage networks.
Urban Flooding
______ (Urban or Rural?) flooding result mainly from exacerbated rainfall.
Rural Flooding
On average, the Philippines receives ___ to ____ of rain annually.
1m to 4m
_____ season is usually from June to September, ____ from October to March
– Habagat
– Amihan
____ are:
* Commonly generated by earthquakes produced on the oceanic crust
* These can also be generated by underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions, extra-terrestrial impacts
Tsunamis
One of the tsunamis in recent Philippine history happened on August ____ (year) after an
_____ (number) earthquake in Moro Gulf that produced ____ (number) high waves.
– 1976
– 8.1
– 9m
_____ are natural hazards that has similar cause of seismic activity with volcanic activity
Earthquake
Note: Approx. 20 tremors
experienced daily by the PH
_______ are:
- Can be caused by seismic activity (dry) and by rainfall events (wet) * Common in mountainous areas
- Driving force is still gravitational but triggering force can
either be seismic or decrease in effective stress (geotechnical engineering concept)
Landslides
Volcanoes are located in the ____
Pacific Ring of Fire
IN the Philippines, Volcanic arc results from ____ Plate subducting beneath ____ Plate
– Philippine
– Eurasian
- Approx. there are _____ (number) volcanoes across the archipelago, while…
- ______ (number) active volcanoes that have evidence of erupting in the last 600 years.
– 300
– 24
One of the largest eruption in recorded Earth history was that of ______ (What volcano) in June 1991
Mt. Pinatubo
The shape of the earth
- oblate spheroid/ellipsoid
The earth has approx. _____ radius: slightly flattened at the poles and slightly larger radius at the equator by _____
– 6371km
– 22km
The earth has approx. _____ degrees tilt from perpendicular line to its orbital plane with a _______ (clockwise or counterclockwise) rotation as viewed from polar north
— 23.5
— counterclockwise
- Sun rotates at ____ days on average, tilted at ____ degrees from perpendicular line to Earth’s orbital plane
– 27
– 7.25
N. Hemisphere as reference
Summer reaches a maximum on what date
June 21
N. Hemisphere as reference
Autumn reaches a maximum on what date
September 21
N. Hemisphere as reference
Winter reaches a maximum on what date
December 21
N. Hemisphere as reference
Spring reaches a maximum on what date
March 21
- Moon completes rotation at approx. ___ days
27.3
____ gravity causes tidal forces – high tide
and low tide
Moon’s gravity
Crust has variable thickness and composition where:
* Continental: _____ km thick
* Oceanic: _____ km thick
– 10 - 70 km
– 8 - 10 km
Mantle is ____ thick, made up
predominantly of a rock called ____ (intrusive igneous)
– 3488km
– peridotite
Core is ____ radius, made up
primarily of with ____ some ____
– 2883km
– Fe
– Ni
What Layer of physical properties of the earth
____ is about 100km thick (up to 200km thick
beneath continents), very brittle, easily fractures at low temperature
Lithosphere
What Layer of physical properties of the earth
_____ is about 250km thick - solid rock,
but soft and flows easily (ductile)
Asthenosphere
What Layer of physical properties of the earth
_____ is about 2500km thick, solid rock, but still
capable of flowing.
Mesosphere
What Layer of physical properties of the earth
___ is 2250km thick, Fe and Ni, liquid
Outer Core
What Layer of physical properties of the earth
___ is 1230km radius, Fe and Ni, solid
inner core
Information about the layers of the earth are
determined from the ____ that
traverse the Earth
seismic waves
Notably, ___-waves do not travel through the
core because ____
— S-waves
— cannot travel through liquid
___ theory explains how the
movement of the plates gives rise to the
different events on the lithosphere.
- Plate tectonics theory
The Process below is called _____ which
causes the movement of the plates
Process:
- Heated solid material rises from the lower
mantle nearest to outer core to the upper
mantle just below the lithosphere.
* The material cools and circles back downwards due to the temp. gradient.
mantle convection
A collective term for the lithosphere (solid), hydrosphere (liquid esp. water), atmosphere (gas envelope), cryosphere (frozen ice) which directly affects the biosphere (living organisms).
Geosphere
- Processes that shape the lithosphere are mainly caused by _____.
plate tectonics
____ are releases of built up stress due to tectonic movement. _____ are discontinuities in the ground that distinguish large rock masses moving against each other while ____ occur at boundaries of tectonic plates (major and minor).
Earthquakes
Faults
trenches
- _____ are expulsion of magma due to pressure build up underground.
Volcanic eruptions
The ____ outlines the processes that shape the
lithosphere.
rock cycle
The main driving force of the rock cycle is the
_____ of the Earth.
internal heat
Part of the Geosphere that includes the water on and near the Earth’s surface
Hydrosphere
______ demonstrates the movement of water on the Earth’s surface.
Hydrologic/water cycle
The driving force behind Hydrologic/water cycle is the ______ from the Sun.
Radiant Heat
____ is phase change of a substance from liquid to gas. Water continually
evaporates from surface waters (e.g. primarily oceans, lakes, streams, etc.)
Evaporation
___ is the change of phase from gas to liquid.
Condensation
In the hydrosphere, Condensation occurs when water vapor (gas) forms into water droplets (liquid) upon contact with a _______ (e.g. dust particles) which is any non-gaseous material.
condensation nuclei
_____ is any form of water that falls on the Earth such as rain, snow, sleet, and
hail. These result from the accumulation of condensed water that collide and become
large and heavy to cause them to precipitate.
Precipitation
These major processes (Condensation, Precipitaiton, Evaporation) are most evident with oceans and manifest as _____ (i.e. typhoons and hurricanes).
cyclones
___ function as temperature regulators of the planet.
ocean
- All of the oceans are joined in a single large interconnected body of water called the _____
world ocean
The largest ocean on Earth is the Pacific Ocean with a surface area of about ______
155,557,000 km^2
- Surface currents in the Pacific move in a _____ (clockwise or counter clockwise) direction north of the equator.
clockwise
- Surface currents in the Pacific move in a _____ (clockwise, counterclockwise) direction south of the equator.
counter-clockwise
The second largest ocean on Earth is the _____ and covers about half the area of the Pacific Ocean which is a surface area of about _____
.
– Atlantic Ocean,
– 76,630,000 km2
- The _____ is the third largest ocean on Earth with a surface area of ______
– Indian Ocean
– 73,762,000 km2
- The smallest ocean is the _____ which covers ____
– Arctic ocean
– 14,560,000 km2
__ is water that contains insignificant amounts of salts.
fresh water
- Most of the _____water is locked up in icecaps and glaciers while the rest is found in places like lakes, rivers, wetlands, the soil, and atmosphere.
fresh water
- A _____ is a network of streams that drains water upstream towards the ocean.
river system
- ______ is freshwater stored in aquifers (beneath the ground) and can be used for various human uses although it only makes up ___% of total water on Earth.
– Groundwater
– 1%
Envelope of gases surrounding the Earth; composed of:
* Nitrogen — ____ percent
* Oxygen — ___ percent
* Argon — ____ percent
* Carbon dioxide — ___ percent
*Trace amounts of neon, helium, methane, krypton and hydrogen, as well as water vapor
- Nitrogen — 78 percent
- Oxygen — 21 percent
- Argon — 0.93 percent
- Carbon dioxide — 0.04 percent
