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aNeuro Exam I- Lindsey's > Synaptic Physiology II > Flashcards

Synaptic Physiology II Flashcards

1
Q

What strain of botulinum is the most common in the US?

A

type A

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2
Q

In the heart, parasympathetic neurons release _____ onto the pacemaker cells.

A

ACh

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3
Q

How does botulinum work?

A

it prevents the release of ACh across the synaptic cleft (pre-synaptic)

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4
Q

This is a protein that helps the Ca++ fuse the vesicle membranes.

A

synaptotagmin

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5
Q

What does botulinum neurotoxin predominantly affect?

A

the PNS nerve endings

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6
Q

How can a synapse be silent?

A

it doesn’t contain AMPA receptors (yet)

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7
Q

What is the NT for the NMDA receptor?

A

glutamate

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8
Q

In the heart, cAMP stimulates ____, which phosphorylates ____, allowing them to open.

A

PKA; Ca++ channels

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9
Q

_____ binds to presynaptic stimulatory nerve terminals and blocks the release of ACh.

A

Botulnum toxin

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10
Q

What is a silent synapse?

A

an excitatory pre-synaptic synapse that does not evoke any change upon firing to the post-synaptic cell

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11
Q

How can a pre-synaptic cell be strengthened by NMDA receptor activation?

A

the entry of Ca++ ions into the postsynaptic dendrite releases NO gas that diffuses back across the synapse to potentiate NT release

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12
Q

What tissue does tetanospasmin target?

A

nervous tissue

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13
Q

What is an AMPA receptor?

A

a postsynaptic glutamate receptor that is very similar to the ACh receptor

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14
Q

Where does tetanospasmin initially bind?

A

to peripheral nerve terminals

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15
Q

Synapses in the CNS can be selectively strengthened by the _____.

A

NMDA receptor

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16
Q

What are SNARE proteins?

A

proteins that teather two membranous structures together (ie synaptic vesicles)

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17
Q

What is tetanospasmin? Where is it encoded?

A

the tetanus toxin; on a plasmid

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18
Q

What proteins does tetanospasmin cleave?

A

synaptobrevin II

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19
Q

Where are electrical synapses important?

A

in the heart and smooth muscle; embryonic cells

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20
Q

What is synaptobrevin?

A

the v-snare protein

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21
Q

This prevents the release of ACh across the synaptic cleft (pre-synaptic).

A

botulinum toxin

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22
Q

What is the v-snare? What proteins makes it?

A

the vesicle snare; synaptobrevin, syntaxin, and SNAP-25

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23
Q

Increased K+ _____ the membrane.

A

hyperpolarizes

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24
Q

Odorants in the air are _____ for receptors found on the surface of 1a sensory neurons.

A

ligands

25
Q

___ is the ligand for the opening of Ca++ channels in the heart muscle and neurons.

A

NE

26
Q

How do silent synapses become normal again?

A

by activating NMDA receptors, which inserts AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane –> normal response

27
Q

In the heart, ACh binds to ______ receptors on the pacemaker cells, resulting in the opening of a K+ channel.

A

muscarinic

28
Q

Synapses in the ___ can be selectively strengthened by the NMDA receptor.

A

CNS

29
Q

How does tetanospasmin work?

A

it blocks the release of inhibitory NTs across the synaptic cleft

30
Q

Botulnum toxin binds to ________ and blocks the release of _____.

A

presynaptic stimulatory nerve terminals; ACh

31
Q

These are proteins that teather two membranous structures together (ie synaptic vesicles).

A

SNARE proteins

32
Q

What is an NMDA receptor?

A

an excitatory synapse for glutamate that is plugged by a Mg++ ion and is highly permeable to Ca++ ions

33
Q

What do gap junctions contain?

A

specialized protein pores (connexons) that bridge the gap btw the cells to connect their cytoplasms

34
Q

This is the name for the tetanus toxin.

A

tetanospasmin

35
Q

NE is the ligand for the opening of Ca++ in the _____ and ____.

A

heart muscle and neurons

36
Q

____ is the causative agent of tetanus.

A

Clostridium tetani

37
Q

What is synaptotagmin?

A

a protein that helps the Ca++ fuse the vesicle membranes

38
Q

In olfaction, the activated G-proteins will activate _____ to synthesize the second messenger, ____.

A

adenylyl cyclase; cAMP

39
Q

What is associative plasticity?

A

become potentiated on their own AND when combined with signals from post-synaptic celss

40
Q

What is the 1a symptom of botulism?

A

flaccid paralysis/weakness

41
Q

What triggers fusion of the SNARE proteins?

A

Ca++

42
Q

The clostridia toxins include ____ and _____.

A

tetanus toxin; botulinum neurotoxin

43
Q

An Mg++ ion plugs which kind of receptor?

A

an NMDA receptor

44
Q

What is syntaxin?

A

a v-snare protein

45
Q

What do the post-synaptic cells secrete, after Ca++ influxes into the cell?

A

additional AMPA receptors to increase the size of the glutamate-induced synaptic potentials

46
Q

Where are silent synapses especially prevalent? Why?

A

the developing brain; to verify appropriate synapse formation

47
Q

These are specialized protein pores (connexons) that bridge the gap btw the cells to connect their cytoplasms.

A

gap junctions

48
Q

This is an excitatory synapse for glutamate that is plugged by a Mg++ ion and is highly permeable to Ca++ ions.

A

an NMDA receptor

49
Q

When an odorant binds to its receptor, _____ is initiated.

A

a G-protein cascade

50
Q

What toxin prefers the PNS nerve endings?

A

botulinum

51
Q

Tetanus and botulism result from deadly toxins that are actually _____ that selectively cut SNARE proteins, thereby blocking exocytosis.

A

proteases

52
Q

What is SNAP-25?

A

a v-snare protein

53
Q

What opens the gate in an NMDA receptor? What removes the Mg++ ion?

A

synaptic activation; a post-synaptic AP

54
Q

What is the key to neuronal associative learning and makes CNS synapses smart?

A

the NMDA receptor

55
Q

In the heart, ACh binds to muscarinic receptors on the pacemaker cells, resulting in ______.

A

the opening of a K+ channel

56
Q

NE is the ligand for the opening of _____ in the heart muscle and neurons.

A

Ca++ channels

57
Q

Electrical current can spread from one neuron to another where there are _____.

A

gap junctions

58
Q

This is a postsynaptic glutamate receptor that is very similar to the ACh receptor.

A

an AMPA receptor

aNeuro Exam I- Lindsey's (26 decks)

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