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aNeuro Exam I- Lindsey's > Introduction to Neuropathology- CNS cells > Flashcards

Introduction to Neuropathology- CNS cells Flashcards

1
Q

What do abnormal lysosomes in the neurons do?

A

gradually fill the cell body and processes, leading to destruction of the neuron

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2
Q

Bielschowsky stain shows normal axons and dendrites but also reveals the lesions of ______.

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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3
Q

What do cross bridges of tau protein and microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) do?

A

they link neurotubules together

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4
Q

What is the main job of the oligodendrocyte?

A

make myelin in the CNS

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5
Q

Where is the most common site of Wallerian degeneration?

A

the corticospinal tract

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6
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

cells that line the ventricular cavities

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7
Q

What is neuropil?

A

the matrix of the cerebral gray matter

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8
Q

_____ are the target for the viral infection in AIDS.

A

Microglia/monocytes

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9
Q

Repair by _____ is less effective than collagenous repair and cysts are often the consequence of large destructive lesions in the CNS.

A

astrocytes

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10
Q

Intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions can be seen in______ and _____.

A

cytomegalic inclusion body disease; rabies

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11
Q

This is diffuse deposition of Rosenthal fibers resulting in white matter degeneration and neuro dysfunction.

A

Alexander disease

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12
Q

These are extracellular and distal manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease where amyloid accumulates in the brain.

A

classic neuritic plaques

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13
Q

What is the pathognomonic feature of Pick body disease (dementia)?

A

Pick bodies

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14
Q

____ stain shows normal axons and dendrites but also reveals the lesions of Alzheimer’s disease.

A

Bielschowsky

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15
Q

In the adult brain, the neuron is a _____, _____ cell.

A

post-mitotic, nonreplaceable

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16
Q

What is the H&E stain for?

A

DNA/RNA but not neuronal processes

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17
Q

These are homogenous, eosinophilic, elongated, or globular inclusions in astrocytic processes seen in old brain scars.

A

Rosenthal fibers

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18
Q

What is the perivascular (Virchow-Robin) space?

A

subarachnoid space that dips into the CNS

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19
Q

How are neurotubules linked together?

A

cross bridges of tau protein and microtubule associated proteins (MAPs)

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20
Q

What are classic neuritic plaques?

A

extracellular and distal manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease where amyloid accumulates in the brain

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21
Q

What is the pathognomonic feature of Parkinson’s disease?

A

Lewy bodies

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22
Q

____ are the most sensitive cell in the brain to sudden decreases in O2 or glucose.

A

Neurons

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23
Q

How long can neurons survive anoxia?

A

5-15 minutes max

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24
Q

Can oliodendrocytes regenerate?

A

regeneration is very limited

25
Q

The neuropil is traversed by ______.

A

blood vessels

26
Q

Axons and dendrites are best viewed using ____ stains.

A

silver

27
Q

Name 5 cells within the brain.

A
  1. neurons
  2. astrocytes
  3. oligodendrocytes
  4. ependymal cells
  5. microglia
28
Q

In _____, abnormal filaments appear in the perikaryon, forming neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs).

A

Alzheimer’s disease

29
Q

What is the subarachnoid space that dips into the CNS called?

A

the perivascular (Virchow-Robin) space

30
Q

What can persistent microglia activation cause?

A

damage –> Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, HIV encephalopathy, etc

31
Q

How can ischemic neurons be ID’d histologically, and what are they called?

A

they’re shrunken, eosinophilic, and nucleus is pyknotic; called red cell neurons

32
Q

What is the major scar former in the CNS?

A

astrocytes

33
Q

Myelin is a special cell membrane-derived insulation for axons which facilitates efficient ______ conduction.

A

saltitory

34
Q

What is the largest, longest, and most metabolically active cell in the body?

A

the neuron

35
Q

How are oligodendrocytes different than Schwann cells?

A

they’re in the CNS and they myelinate many cells at once with a different type of myelin

36
Q

Neurons are in close contact with their “caregivers,” the _____.

A

oligodendrocytes

37
Q

Where do microglia come from?

A

blood monocytes

38
Q

Astrocyte cytoplasm contains intermediate filaments that are made of a distinct protein, _____.

A

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)

39
Q

What are tanycytes?

A

ependymal cells that serve various neuroendocrine or ionic transport functions

40
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

an axonal alteration where the axon is transected and the portion distal to the transection degenerates bc the energy source is cut off

41
Q

What are the functions of microglia?

A
  • phagocytosis
  • monitor CNS environment
  • restore homeostasis
42
Q

What is Alexander disease?

A

diffuse deposition of Rosenthal fibers resulting in white matter degeneration and neuro dysfunction

43
Q

In Alzheimer’s disease, abnormal filaments appear in the _____, forming _____.

A

perikaryon; neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs)

44
Q

Why are glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAPs) important?

A

Abs to them can demonstrate reactive and neoplastic astrocytes; mutations of them cause Alexander disease

45
Q

What are microglia?

A

phagocytes/APCs in the brain (but have to migrate there)

46
Q

Describe unique features of the organelles w/I a neuron.

A
  • large, round vesicular nucleus
  • prominent nucleolus
  • stacks of rER (Nissl substance)
47
Q

What is the difference between a neurofilament and a neurotubule?

A
  • neurofilament = 10nm
  • neurotubule = 20-26nm polymers of alpha and beta tubulin
48
Q

What is the pathognomonic feature of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

neurofibrillary tangles

49
Q

During brain development, certain astrocytes known as ______ have a key role as “scaffolds” to allow neuronal migration.

A

radial glia

50
Q

The matrix of the cerebral gray matter is the _____.

A

neuropil

51
Q

What are Rosenthal fibers?

A

homogenous, eosinophilic, elongated, or globular inclusions in astrocytic processes seen in old brain scars

52
Q

What is cytoplasmic lipofuscin?

A

a lysosomal enzyme/neuronal storage disease

53
Q

Why do Alzheimer type II astrocytes develop?

A

due to severe liver damage in hepatic encephalopathy

54
Q

What are some pathologies of oligodendroglia?

A
  • they are lost in MS
  • infected by viruses in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
  • accumulate material in lysosomes in metachromatic leukodystrophy
55
Q

This occurs when the neuronal cytoplasm becomes smooth and the nucleus is displaced toward the periphery; it means that the neuron has been disconnected from its target.

A

central chromatolysis

56
Q

What is central chromatolysis and what does is signify?

A
  • when the neuronal cytoplasm becomes smooth and the nucleus is displaced toward the periphery
  • means that the neuron has been disconnected from its target
57
Q

What are some ependymal cell pathologies?

A

disruption and loss in hydrocephalus, bacterial ventriculitis, or viral infections

58
Q

Do astrocytes form the BBB?

A

no, but they help regulate/modulate it

aNeuro Exam I- Lindsey's (26 decks)

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