Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Food Animal > Swine Disease Impacts and Diagnostics and PRRS > Flashcards

Swine Disease Impacts and Diagnostics and PRRS Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Gourmet Food flashcards
1
Q

Disease Impacts

A
  • Mortality
  • Decreased weight gain over time (ADG)
    • Sort loss
    • Increased lights and culls
  • Increased feed:gain ratio (decreased feed efficiency)
  • Increased vet costs (drugs, biologicals, vet services)
  • Increased labor (tx, culling, disposal)
  • Decreased animal welfare (concern about animals themselves, not just profitability)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What disease contributes the most to the total cost of disease per pig?

A
  • Pneumonia (28%)
  • Stillbirths coming in 2nd (11%)
  • Overlaying (8%)
  • Scours (diarrheal diseases) - (8%)
  • Starvation, death, cold exposure
  • Mastitis (2%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the pathogenic causes of pneumonia?

A
  • >90% due to combination of pathogens:
    • Porcine Reprodctive and Respriatory Syndrome (PRRS)
    • Mycoplasma hyopenumonia
    • Swine influenza
    • Porcine circovirus type 2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

High Impact Swine Gastrointestinal Disease (today - in 2015)

A
  • Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED)
    • First case occurred in 2013 in the US
  • Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
  • Colibacillosis (neonatal, postweaning)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Culture, virus isolation (VI), PCR, Immunologic tools (fluorescent antibody, immunochemistry, ELISA) are diagnostic methods that demonstrate _______

A

The presence of a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ELISA, SN, and HI are all diagnostic methods that demonstrate….

A

Host response to pathogen (antibody)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Some definitive daignosis can be made upon clinical signs, pathology or clinical pathology. True or False.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In a PCR, you are trying to identify ______ acids of the pathogen. PCR identifies both ____ and ____.

A

Nucleic; RNA and DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The most common site for blood samples in the pig

A

Neck - jugular vein, and cranial vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is the ear a good place to take a blood sample? Why or why not?

A

No, becuase often times the vein collapses easily, and you only end up with a very small sample of blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When collecting oral fluids, make sure tubes do not contain _____ and ____.

A

EDTA and heparin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When collecting oral fluid samples, and using glass tubes, only use the ____ tops.

A

Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How thick should the rope be for oral fluid collection in adults?

A

1/2 inch wide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A single rope for oral fluid collections can provide a sufficient sample within ____ minutes.

A

20-30 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Several methods of extracting oral fluids from the rope:

A
  • Use plastic bag to cover wet parts of rope and squeeze fluid out by squeezing over the outside of the plastic bag
  • You can also use a ringer to collect larger fluid samples
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When do you send oral fluid samples to the lab?

A

On the same day they were collected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Samples for PCR or Ab detection may be frozen. True or False.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What time of day is it best to sample for oral fluids?

A

In the morning b/c pigs are more active.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If you have already tried to sample oral fluids in the morning, and the pigs are still not chewing on the rope, what else can you do?

A

Trying placing the ropes in different pens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Porcine Respriatory Disease Complex (PRDC) - often we have co-infections, and often one agent will ______ the adverse effects of another.

A

Intensify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Etiology of PRRS

A

arterivirus (RNA virus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

PRRS was first recognized in the USA in 1987 as a _____ swine disease.

A

Mystery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Clinical signs of PRRS vary from _____ to quite ____.

A

unnoticed, severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

PRRS is highly ____ in the US and most of the pig-producing countries of the world.

A

endemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Coinfection of PRRS and ________ was the likely cause of massive sow and pig mortality in China in 2007.

A

Classical Swine Fever (Hog cholera)

26
Q

General clinical signs of PRRS include: ____ and ____

A

Fever and inappetance

27
Q

Reproductive syndrome of PRRS include:

A
  • Abortion/premature farrowings
  • Stillbirths
  • Fetal mummies
  • Weak/poorly viable piglets
28
Q

Clinical signs of Respriatory syndrome of PRRS include:

A
  • Labored breathing
  • Increased incidence of other respiratory infections
  • Decreased growth performance and increased mortality in nursery and grow/finish
29
Q

In a naive herd, reproductive syndrome of PRRS usually resolves spontaneously in __-__ months. And is associated with _____ immunity.

A

2-4 months; natural immunity

30
Q

In a niave herd, respriatory syndrome associated with PRRS may persist _____, usually in ___ or ___ pigs.

A

Indefinitely; nuresry or grower pigs

31
Q

Respriatory syndrome in PRRS is associated with susceptible pigs that are waning ____ immunity, in the presence of actively infected pigs that are _____ the virus.

A

Passive; shedding

32
Q

Continuous circulation of virus can occur with the introduction of ____ pigs to the herd.

A

naive

33
Q

If you can wean naive piglets in an environment that doesn’t have PRRS virus, you can ____ cycle of infection.

A

break

34
Q

PRRS typically effects neonatal pigs that are still on colustrum. True or False.

A

False - usually piglets are protected with colustrum, and become susceptible with weaning off of colustrum.

35
Q

Gold standard of PRRS diagnosis

A

Demonstration of virus via virus isolation

36
Q

Virus isolation of PRRS may be used in acute cases. True or False.

A

True

37
Q

Why are there many false negatives with virus isolation of PRRS?

A
  • Virus eliminated due to immune response
  • Virus degrades in tissues over time
38
Q

What are the appropriate samples for virus isolation with PRRS diagnosis?

A

Serum, BAL, buffy coat, lymph node, tonsil

39
Q

Gene sequencing remains fairly constant among various field and vaccine strains of virus. True or False.

A

False - gene sequencing differentiates among field and vaccine strains

40
Q

Other diagnostic methods of PRRS that demonsrate viral components other than isolating the virus, which prove to be more sensitive, include:

  • Immunoflourescence (IF) - in ____ tissue
  • Immunohistochemistry (IHC) - in ___ tissue
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
A
  • IF - fresh tissue
  • IHC - fixed tissue
41
Q

Is PRRS a reportable disease?

A

No

42
Q

Limitations of serological tests when diagnosing PRRS:

A
  • Positive serology does not necessarily mean that PRRS is the problem
    • Seroprevalence is high (>50% of US herds)
  • Serology does not differentiate between vaccination and natural infection
  • Antibodies take 10-14 days to develop after exposure to the virus
43
Q

The most common transmission of PRRS is:

A

Oral/nasal secretion from infected to susceptible pig; requires close contact

44
Q

The most common route of farm to farm transmission of PRRS:

A

aerosols

45
Q

Can semen, urine/feces, and fomites (transport vehicles, boots and clothing) transmitt PRRS?

A

Yes, but less common

46
Q

PRRS may be transmissible via aerosols for as far as __ miles or more.

A

2

47
Q

Likelihood of aerosol transmission of PRRS may be __ dependent.

A

Strain

48
Q

PRRS spreads quickly throughout a barn. True or False.

A

False, the virus spreads somewhat slowly within a barn. Not highly contagious within barn (however, can transmit farm to farm via aerosols when the conditions like wind are right).

49
Q

Shedding in acutely infected pigs is usually complete by _____ post-infection.

A

6

50
Q

Acutely infected pigs include more commonly ____/____ pigs; and are often the result of sero-_____ breeding females introdued into sero-______ herds.

A

nuresry/grower pigs; seronegative; seropositive

51
Q

Chronically infected pigs result from pigs infected in utero or early in life and shed for life. Is this significant in PRRS?

A

No

52
Q

Shedding PRRS pigs may be difficult to identify. What is the best diagnostic sample to take to determine if the pig is shedding the virus?

A

Tonsillar scrape

53
Q

Pros of PRRS Vaccination

A
  • Reduces severity of clinical signs
  • Reduces viral shedding post-infection
  • Stabilizes herd immunity
54
Q

Cons of PRRS Vaccination

A
  • may cause reproductive failure in pregnant sows (especailly last trimester)
  • MLV virus may circulate and infect non-vaccinated animals
  • MLV virus may recombine with field strains of virus
  • Complicates interpretations of serology
  • Incomplete immunity (heterologous strians, decoy epitopes)
55
Q

PRRS Management for seronegative herds invovles herd additions from other seronegative herds. Outside pigs need to be quarantined for ___ days, and have a negative test on ____ and before ____ from quarantine.

A

60 days; on arrival and before release

56
Q

Other PRRS managmenet besides controlling herd additions from other seronegative herds:

A
  • Semen from negative boar studs
  • Control people traffic
  • Air filters in swine-dense areas
57
Q

Can air filters in swine-dense areas reduce risk of reinfection via aerosoles post eradication?

A

Yes - as long as it is well managed

58
Q

PRRS Managemnet for seropositive stable herds includes:

  • herd additions from sero-______ or other stable sero-_____ herds
  • Acclimatization - development of ____ to PRRS
  • Vaccination
  • Exposure to pigs _____ virus (ex - nursery pigs)
  • Avoid introdction of sero-____ breeding stock into sero-_____ herd. Need some level of immunity to avoid ______ of virus load in the environment.
A
  • seronegative; seropositive
  • shedding
  • seronegative; seropositive
  • Amplification
59
Q

To minimize respriatory syndrome in grow/finish pigs, what can you do to manage PRRS?

A
  • All-in, all-out pig flow
  • Partial depopulation
  • Segregated off-site weaning
  • Vaccination
60
Q

PRRS Eradication - May be able to produce virus-_____ subpopulations via ______ off-site weaning.

A

negative; segregated

61
Q

PRRS virus may naturally die out in a sow herd totally ______ to new additions for __ months and _____ from grow/finish pigs. This eradication process can be known as “___, ___, ___”

A

closed; 6 months; isolated;

load, close, expose

62
Q

In the load, close, expose eradication method, the time to virus negative status may be reduced by:

A
  • Live virus (serum) inoculation
  • MLV vaccine

Food Animal (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions