Reproductive Management

Question 1

Gestation length

Answer 1

112 - 116 days (avg = 114 days)

3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days

Question 2

Is there variability between gestational lengths in swine?

Answer 2

NO - not much variability at all!

Question 3

Weaning to estrus interval

Answer 3

5-7 days

Question 4

First estrus in gilts occurs:

Answer 4

6-8 months

Question 5

Estrus cycle length

Answer 5

18-24 days (avg = 21 days)

Question 6

Duration of estrus

Answer 6

2-3 days

Question 7

Sows are anestrus during lactation. True or false.

Answer 7

True.

Question 8

Lactation length

Answer 8

Variable - usually 14 - 28 days (2-4 weeks)

Question 9

Estrus detection:

Answer 9

• Boar exposure
• Behavior of female - back pressure test
• Physical signs - reddened, swollen vulva

Question 10

Can we freeze boar semen for AI?

Answer 10

No, but we can cool it for a max of a week

Question 11

For mating, we want at least __ matings at ___ hour intervals during an estres (one service).

Answer 11

2 matings, 24 hour intervals

Question 12

With natural mating, make sure there is a ______ floor surface.

Answer 12

Non-slip

Question 13

Genetic sources - board - usually selected based on _____ quality. And ar eusually purchased from ______ suppliers.

Answer 13

Carcass; seedstock

Question 14

Genetic sources - females - usually selected based on both _____ quality and _____ traits.

Answer 14

carcass, maternal

Question 15

It is more economically advantageous to purchase breeding females from seedstock supplier, versus saving back replacement gilts from finisher. True or False.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Swine return to estrus ___ to ___ days post breeding.

Answer 16

18-24 days

Question 17

If sow is bred twice in a 24 hour period of time, there is an ___% chance it will be successful.

Answer 17

80-85%

Question 18

Best pregnancy diagnosis (98% accuracy):

Answer 18

does the sow return to estrus - 18-24 days post breeding

Question 19

An ultrasound can be performed for a pregnancy diagnosis ___ to ___ days post breeding and has a ___ to ____ accuracy rate.

Answer 19

28-80 days

65-95%

Question 20

To confirm a pregnancy diagnosis after you determine the sow has not returned to estrus, you can perform an _______.

Answer 20

ultrasound

Question 21

Failure of the female to show estrus =

Answer 21

anestrus

Question 22

A full bladder or a pyometra can cause false-_______ for pregnancy on ultrasounds.

Answer 22

positive

Question 23

Boar infertility, poor timing of breeding, occlusion of hte oviduct and other anatomic abnormalities can lead to failure of ______.

Answer 23

Fertilization

Question 24

Less than 4 viable emrbyos, infection, endometritis, and high enviornmental tempratures can cause ______ in respect to the embryo.

Answer 24

Early embryonic death (<12 days)

Question 25

If not pregnant, the sow should return to estrus in:

Answer 25

18-24 days

Question 26

Two types of gestation housing options available:

Answer 26

Individual stalls (crates) and Group housing (pens)

Question 27

This type of gestation results in higher incidence of sterotypical behaviors like bar biting.

Answer 27

Individual stalls (crates)

Question 28

This type of gestation housing has negative public and customer perceptions and is even illegal in some areas.

Answer 28

Individual stalls (crates)

Question 29

This type of gestation housing results in slightly higher preimplantation pregnancy loss.

Answer 29

Group housing (pens)

Question 30

Pregnancy, weak physical/behavioral manifestastions of estrus, cystic ovaries, mycotoxins (esp. zearalenone), nutrition and genetics can all result in:

Answer 30

Anestrus

Question 31

Seasonal anestrus and low conception rate occurs in late _____ and early ____.

Answer 31

Late summer and early fall

Question 32

Early embryonic death after 12 days, maternal recognition of pregnancy has occured, and there must be another cause of death. True or False.

Answer 32

True.

Question 33

Excessive energy intake can cause early emrbyonic death between 12-30 days. True or False.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Expulsion of fetuses (dead or non-viable) prior to a normal term of pregnancy (<110 days)

Answer 34

Abortion

Question 35

Leptosprisosis, PRRS, Pseudorabies (rare), Brucellosis (rare), septicemic diseases, and toxins can all cause:

Answer 35

Abortion

Question 36

Positive diagnosis of a specific cause is achieved in only ___% of porcine abortoin cases.

Answer 36

30

Question 37

Pigs born dead or found dead shortly after birth are known as _______.

Answer 37

Stillbirths

Question 38

Most stillbirths occur directly from ____ during parturition. The____ the parturition, the more likely a pig is to be a stillborn.

Answer 38

anorexia; longer

Question 39

Increase in sow age (parity), any diseases that weaken the pig, carbon monoxide poisoning, long partrition period all increase the incidence of ______.

Answer 39

Stillbirths

Question 40

Fetal hemoglobin has _______ (higher or lower) affinity for carbon monoxide. Therefore, the fetus will die _____ (sooner or later) than the sow.

Answer 40

Higher; sooner

Question 41

Mummies usually result from the death of part of a litter between gestational ages of ___ and ____ days.

Answer 41

30; 70

Question 42

Mummies are most typical of infection with ______.

Answer 42

Porcine Parvovirus

Question 43

Total pigs born per litter is positively influenced by:

Answer 43

• Parity
• Previous lactation length - the longer the lacatation length, the more pigs born per litter
• Multiple matings
• Maternal genetics - +/-
• Nutrition - +/-

Question 44

Frequency of boar usage ____ impacts total pigs born per litter.

Answer 44

negatively

Question 45

_______ days are defined as a day when the female is not gestating or lactating.

Answer 45

Nonproductive days (NPD)

Question 46

Targets can vary, but generally there is ___-____ non-productive days per year.

Answer 46

30-50

Question 47

Two significant components of NPD:

Answer 47

• Wean to service interval
• Returns to service