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Biology 2 > Survival And Response > Flashcards

Survival And Response Flashcards

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1
Q

How do organisms increase chance of survival

A

Responding to changes in their response external and internal environment eg. Avoiding too hot places

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2
Q

What is a stimulus

A

A change in the internal/external environment

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3
Q

What are receptors

A

Detect stimuli

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4
Q

Give 2 examples of receptors

A

Cells

Proteins on plasma membrane

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5
Q

What are effectors

A

Cells that respond to the stimulus

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6
Q

How do receptors communicate with effectors

A

Nervous system

Hormonal system

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7
Q

What is a sensory neurone

A

Transmit electrical impulses from receptors to the cns

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8
Q

What is a motor neurone

A

Transmit electrical impulses from cns to effectors

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9
Q

What is a relay neurone

A

Transmit electrical impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone

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10
Q

What chemicals take info from one neurone to another

A

Neurotransmitters

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11
Q

What is the cns

A

Brain

Spinal chord

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12
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

Neurones that connect cns to the rest of the body

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13
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

Control conscious activity

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14
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

Controls unconscious activities

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15
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

Makes body ready for action

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16
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Calms body

Rest and digest system

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17
Q

What is a reflex

A

Body responds to stimulus without a conscious decision

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18
Q

Why do reflex’s help survival

A

Don’t have to spend time devising on response

So very rapid

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19
Q

Draw a simple reflex arc

A 
Receptor 
Sensory neurone 
Relay neurone (in grey matter of spinal chord) 
Motor neurone 
Effector
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20
Q

When can a reflex be overridden

A

When there is a relay neurone involved

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21
Q

Why the nervous system localised

A

Neurotransmitters are secreted directly onto target cells

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22
Q

Why is the nervous system short lived

A

Neurotransmitters are quickly removed once they’ve done their job

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23
Q

What is the nervous system Rapid

A

Electrical impulses are very fast

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24
Q

How do plants increase chance of survival with reference to light

A

Grow towards light

Maximum photosynthesis

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25
Q

How do plants increase chance of survival with reference to gravity

A

Shoots grow down in the right direction

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26
Q

Define tropism

A

Plants response to a directional stimulus

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27
Q

What is a positive tropism

A

Plant grows toward stimulus

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28
Q

What is a negative stimulus

A

Plant grows away from the stimulus

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29
Q

What is phototropism

A

Growth of plant in response to light
+ = towards light
- = away from light

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30
Q

What is gravitropism

A

Growth of plant in response to gravity
+ = grow Down
- = grown up

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31
Q

What are growth factors

A

Hormone like chemicals that speed up or slow down growth

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32
Q

Where are growth factors produced

A

Produced in growing regions of plant (shoots and roots)

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33
Q

What does auxin do in shoots

A

Promotes growth by cell elongation

Cell walls can stretch more

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34
Q

At roots what is the effect or roots

A

Inhibit growth

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35
Q

What type of response does IAA respond to

A

Tropism

36
Q

How does IAA move in the plant

A

Diffusion and AT

Phloem

37
Q

What does an uneven distribution of IAA mean

A

Uneven growth

38
Q

What does IAA do in response to phototropism

A

IAA moves to the more shaded parts
Shoots = IAA increase on shaded side. Cells elongate. Shoot bends towards the light
Roots = IAA increases in shaded side. Growth inhibited. Root bends downwards

39
Q

What does IAA do in response to gravitropism

A

IAA moves to the underside
Shoots = IAA increases on lower side. Cells elongate. Shoot grows up
Roots = IAA increases on lower side. Growth inhibited. Root grows down

40
Q

What is a taxes

A

Animal response

Towards or away directional stimulus

41
Q

Example of taxes

A

Light

42
Q

What is a kinesis

A

Animal response

Non directional stimulus

43
Q

Example of kinesis

A

Humidity

44
Q

How does a photo taxes help woodlice

A

Move away from light source

Keeps them concealed under stones in day away from predators and in damper conditions to reduce water loss

45
Q

How does woodlice benefit from a humidity kinesis

A

High humidity = move slow and change direction less
Low humidity = move faster and change direction more to find a new area
It reduces water loss and keeps them concealed from predators

46
Q

Why are receptors specific

A

Detect one stimulus

47
Q

What is a resting potential

A

Difference in charge between outside of cell and inside. Generated by Na/K pumps. Causes a pd.

48
Q

What is a generator potential

A 
Stimulus detected 
Cell membrane gets excited 
More permeable 
More ions move in and out of cell 
Changes pd
49
Q

What happens to the generator potential with a bigger stimuli

A 
Excites membrane more 
More permeable 
More ions can move in 
Bigger change in pd 
Larger generator potential
50
Q

What is an action potential

A

The generator potential reaches the threshold potential

51
Q

What is the strength action potential measured by and why

A

Father frequency

Because all action potentials are the same strength

52
Q

What type of receptor is a pacinian corpuscle

A

Mechanoreceptors (detect pressure)

53
Q

Where are pacinian corpuscles

A

Skin

54
Q

What is the stricte of a pacinian corpuscle

A

Contain sensory nerve ending wrapped in lamellae

55
Q

What causes a response at pacinian corpuscles

A

Lamellae are deformed
Press onto sensory nerve ending
Sensory nerve ending cell membrane stretches
Deforms stretch mediated sodium ion channels
Channels open and Na can diffuse into the cell
Forms generator potential
If it reaches threshold = action potential

56
Q

What type of receptor is in the eye

A

Photo receptor

57
Q

How does light enter the eye

A

Pupil

58
Q

What controls how much light enters the eye

A

Muscles in the iris

59
Q

How are light rays focused in the eye

A

By lens onto the retina which contains photoreceptors

60
Q

What is the fovea

A

Area in retina that contains lots of photoreceptors

61
Q

How are nerve impulses carries from the eye to the brain

A

The optic nerve

62
Q

What is the blind spot in the eye

A

Where the optic nerve leaves they eye

Contains no photoreceptors

63
Q

How do photoreceptors work in the eye

A

Light enters eye
Light absorbed by light sensitive optical pigments
Pigments are bleached
Causes chemical change
Membrane permeability increases to Na ions
Generator potential created
Reaches threshold potential
Impulse sent along bipolar neurone to optic nerve

64
Q

Where are cone cells

A

Fovea

65
Q

Where are rod cells

A

On the peripheral of the retina

66
Q

Why are rod and cone cells different

A

Contain different optical pigments that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light
Rod = black and white
Cone = colour

67
Q

How do u see different colours

A

The optical pigments (red, blue, green) in cone cells are stimulated in different amounts

68
Q

Why are rod cells more sensitive than cone cells

A

Work well in dim light
Many rods join to one neurone (summation and retinal convergence)
Many weak generator potentials combine to reach the threshold potential and trigger an action potential

69
Q

Why are cone cells less sensitive

A

1 cone cells connects to 1 neurone

Takes more light to reach the threshold potentiel

70
Q

Why do rod cells have low visual acuity

A

Many rods join to the same neurone (summation)

Light from 2 points close together can’t be told apart

71
Q

Why do cone cells have high visual acuity

A 
Cone cells are close together 
1 cone cell joins to 1 neurone 
Get an action potential from each cone cell 
Can distinguish between the 2 points 
(No summations)
72
Q

Why is the heart muscle described as myogenic

A

Can contract and relax without receiving signals from nerves

73
Q

What is the function of the SAN

A

Sets the rhythm of the heart by sending regular waves electrical impulses to the atrial walls

74
Q

Where is the SAN

A

The right atrium

75
Q

How does the heart contract

A

The SAN sends waves of regular electrical impulses to the atrial walls
Causes the right and left atria to constract at the same time
A band of non conduction collagen tissue prevents electrical impulses being sent directly to the ventricles
The electrical activity is sent to the AVN
AVN sends electrical activity to the bundle of his
There is a delay between AVN receiving the impulses and sending them to the bundle of his to make sure the atria have emptied before the ventricles contract
The bundle of his splits into purkyne tissue carrying electrical activity on the muscular walls of the ventricles so they contract at the same time

76
Q

Why is there a delay between the AVN receiving electrical activity and sending it to the bundle of his

A

To make sure the atria has fully emptied before the ventricles contract

77
Q

What part of the brain controls the SAN

A

Medulla oblongata

78
Q

Why do animals need to change their heart rate to reasons to stimuli

A

Prevent fainting from low blood p

Make sure body has enough oxygen

79
Q

What are pressure receptors called in the heart

A

Baroreceptors

80
Q

Where are the baroreceptors

A

Aorta

Carotid artery

81
Q

Where are chemo receptors for the hr

A

Aorta
Carotid artery’s
Medulla

82
Q

What do hr chemoreceptors measure

A

PH of blood (indicates CO2 and O2 conc)

83
Q

What happens at high blood p

A 
Baroreceptors detect high blood p 
Impulses sent to medulla on parasympathetic neurones 
Secretes acetylcholine 
Binds to SAN
Heart rate slows and blood p decreases
84
Q

What happens to the heart at low blood p

A 
Baroreceptors detect low p 
Impulses sent to medulla on sympathetic neurones 
Secrete noradrenaline 
Binds to SAN receptors 
Hr increases and blood p increases
85
Q

What happens to the heart at high pH (low CO2)

A 
Chemoreceptors detect 
Impulses sent to medulla on parasympathetic Neurones 
Secrete acetylcholine 
Binds to SAN receptors 
Herat rate decreases and ph decreases
86
Q

What happens the the hr at low pH (high CO2)

A 
Chemoreceptors detect 
Impulses sent to medulla along sympathetic neurones 
Secrete noradrenaline 
Binds to SAN receptors 
Hr increases and PH increase

Biology 2 (14 decks)

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