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Biology 2 > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do organisms need energy

A

Active transport
Mitosis
Protein synthesis

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2
Q

Why do animal specially needs energy

A

Regulate body temp

Muscle contraction

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3
Q

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12 + 6O2

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4
Q

How is energy stored until it’s needed in plant

A

Glucose/starch

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5
Q

How do animals get glucose

A

Eating other organisms

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6
Q

How is atp synthesisised

A

Condensation reaction
ADP + Pi
Atp synthase

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7
Q

Where is the energy released from in ATP

A

The hydrolysis of the bond between 2 phosphate groups

By atp hydrolase

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8
Q

How does atp move to where it’s needed

A

Diffusion

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9
Q

Give 6 reasons for why atp is a good energy source molecule

A

Stores small manageable amount of energy so none wasted as heat
Small and soluble so easily transported
Easily broken down
Quickly remade
Can phosphorylate other molecules
Can’t pass out of the cell so the cell always has an energy supply

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10
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

Transferring a Pi group to another molecule to make it more reactive

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11
Q

What is a metabolic pathway

A

A series of small reactions controlled by enzymes

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12
Q

What is photophosphorylation

A

Adding phosphate using light

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13
Q

What is photolysis

A

the splitting of a molecule using light

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14
Q

What is photoionisation

A

Light excites electrons in an atom, increasing their energy.
The electrons leave the atom
Forming a +ve ion

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15
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

Splitting a molecule using water

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16
Q

What is decarboxylation

A

Removal of CO2 from a molecule

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17
Q

What is dehydrogenation

A

Removal of H from a molecule

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18
Q

What are redox reactions

A

Have oxidation and réduction reactions

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19
Q

What is a co enzyme

A

Molecule that aids the function of an enzyme by transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another

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20
Q

What is the coenzyme in photosynthesis

A

NADP

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21
Q

How does NADP work

A

Transfers H from 1 molecule to another

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22
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen

A

Chloroplasts

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23
Q

What absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

A

Photosynthetic pigments

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24
Q

Give 3 photosynthetic pigments

A

Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotene.

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25
Q

Where are photosynthetic pigments found

A

Thylakoid membranes

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26
Q

What is the protein and pigment together called

A

Photo system

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27
Q

What is the difference between the 2 photo systems

A

Absorbs light at different wavelengths

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28
Q

What wavelength does PS1 absorb at

A

700nm

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29
Q

What wavelength does PS2 absorb at

A

680nm

30
Q

What does the stroma contain

A

Enzymes

Sugars

31
Q

What happens to carbohydrates not immediately used in the chloroplasts

A

Stored as starch grains in the stroma

32
Q

What links stacked up thylakoid membranes (grana)

A

Lamellae

33
Q

What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis

A

Light dependant

Light independent

34
Q

Where does the light dependant reaction happen

A

Thylakoid membrane

35
Q

Explain the light dependant reaction

A
  1. Light absorbed by photosynthetic pigments in the photosystems
  2. Excites electrons in the pigment
  3. Electrons leave pigment molecule (photoionised)
  4. Electrons add pi group to to adp
  5. Electrons reduce NADP to NADPH
  6. H2O oxidised to O2
36
Q

Where does the light independent reaction happen

A

Stroma

37
Q

What is the light independent reaction also called

A

The Calvin cycle

38
Q

What is the 3 reasons photoionisation of chlorophyll used for

A

Making atp from adp and pi
Reducing NADP to NADPH
Water photolysis ( splitting water into H+ e- and O2)

39
Q

What links the 2 photosystems

A

Electron carriers

40
Q

What are electron carriers

A

Proteins that transfer electrons

41
Q

What is the photosystems ans electron carrier combined cAlled?

A

Electron transport chain

42
Q

Explain the 1st stage of the the light dependant stage

A 
Light energy absorbed by PSII
Electrons get excited 
Electrons move to a higher energy level
Electrons Released from chlorophyll 
Move down electron transport chain to PSI
43
Q

Explain the 2nd stage of the the light dependant stage

A

Excited electrons that leave PSII are replaced by photolysis of water

44
Q

What is the equation for the photolysis of water

A

H2O -> 2H+ + 0.5O2 + 2e-

45
Q

Explain the 3rd stage of the the light dependant stage

A

The excited electrons lose energy as they do down the electron transport chain
Energy is used to transport proteins into the thylakoid space
So that the thylakoid has a higher conc on protons that the stroma
Forming proton con pc grad across thylakoid membrane
Protons move into the stroma by ATP synthase
Forms ATP

46
Q

Explain the 4th stage of the the light dependant stage

A

Light energy absorbed by PSI
Excites the electrons to a higher energy level
Electrons transferred to NADP and a proton from a stroma reduces it to form NADPH

47
Q

What is the proton conc grad between the stroma and thylakoid membrane called

A

Chemiosmosis

48
Q

What is cyclic phosphorylation

A

Only uses PS1
Electrons from chlorophyll aren’t passed onto NADP but back to PS1
So no NADP or O2 produced

49
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle happen

A

Stroma

50
Q

Why is the Calvin cycle cyclical

A

Ribulose biphosphate is regenerated

51
Q

Explain thé 1st stage of the Calvin cycle

A

CO2 enters leaf through stomata and diffuses into stroma
Combines with ribulose biphosphate
Catalysed by rubisco
Forms 2 molecules of glycerate 3 phosphate

52
Q

How many carbons is in ribulose biphosphate

A

5

53
Q

How many c in glycerate 3 phosphate

A

3

54
Q

Explain thé 2nd stage of the Calvin cycle

A

The hydrolysis of atp provides energy to turn 2x glycerate 3 phosphate into 2x triose phosphate
NADPH is oxidised into NADP releasing H+
Triose photosphate converted into useful sugars some regenerated at ribsulose biphosphate

55
Q

How is ribulose biphosphate regenerated

A

5/6 molecules of triose phosphate stays in the cycle

Ends atp from the light dependant reaction

56
Q

How are carbohydrates made

A

Joining 2 triose phosphate to make hexose sugars

57
Q

How are lipids made

A

Glycerol is made from triose phosphate

Fatty acids are made from glycerate 3 phosphate

58
Q

How are amino acids made

A

Made from glycerate 3 phosphate

59
Q

Why does the Calvin cycle have to go round 6 times to produce 1 hexose sugar

A

3 turns = 6 triose phosphate
1/6 used to make a hexose sugar = 3 carbons
6 turns = 12 triose phosphate
2/12 = 6 carbons = 1 hexose sugar

60
Q

How many atp is needed for 1 hexose sugar to be produced

A

18

61
Q

How many NADPH is needed for 1 hexose sugar to be produced

A

12

62
Q

Why is only 1/6 triose phosphate used to make hexose sugars

A

Keep the cycle going

Always enough ribulose biphosphate to combine with CO2

63
Q

What are the 4 limiting factors of photosynthesis

A

Light intensity
Wavelength of light
Temp
CO2 conc

64
Q

What is the effect of high light intensity

A

Light dependant reaction increases rate

More atp produced

65
Q

What happens is green light is used

A

Rate of light dependant reaction slows
Chlorophyll a and b and carotene only absorb red and blue light
Green is reflected

66
Q

What is the effect of the optimal temp used (25)

A

Enzymes (atp synthase sans rubisco) work best
Not denatured or inactive
Ans stomata are open because at high temps they close to avoid too much water loss so more CO2 can enter

67
Q

Effect of 0.4% CO2 conc

A

Increases rate of photosynthesis

68
Q

What mineral ion is used to make chlorophyll a

A

Mg

69
Q

What is the problem with water logged soil for plants

A

Reduces uptake of mineral ions

70
Q

How do farmers get the optimum CO2 conc

A

Burning propane in a generator

71
Q

How do farmers get the optimum light intensity

A

Lamps

72
Q

How do farmers get the optimum temp

A

Heater and cooling systems
Air circulation systems
Greenhouses

Biology 2 (14 decks)

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