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Biology 2 > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

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1
Q

How is water lost

A

Excretion and sweat

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2
Q

What organ regulates the water potential

A

Kidneys

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3
Q

What do the kidneys do if the water potential is too low

A

More water reabsorbed by osmosis into the blood from the tubules in the nephron
Urine more concentrated (less water lost from excretion)

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4
Q

What happens when the blood water potential is too high

A

Less water reabsorbed into the blood by osmosis from tubules in Nephron
Urine more dilute
More lost in excretion

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5
Q

Where is the loop of henle

A

Medulla

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6
Q

How is water potential maintained by the loop of henle: top of ascending limb (1)

A
  1. Top of ascending limb = Na pumped into the medulla using at
  2. Ascending limb is impermeable to water = water stays inside the tubule
  3. Low water potential in medulla due to high conc of ions
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7
Q

How is water potential maintained by the loop of henle: descending limb (2)

A
  1. Lower water potential in medulla than in the descending limb
  2. The descending limb is permeable to water so water moves out of the descending limb into the medulla by osmosis
  3. The filtrate inside of the descending limb gets more conc as ions can’t leave
  4. Water in the medulla is reabsorbed by blood capillaries
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8
Q

How is water potential maintained by the loop of henle: bottom of ascending limb (3)

A
  1. Na+ diffuse out of ascending limb into medulla
  2. Water potential decreases in medulla
  3. Water can’t leave ascending limb because it’s impermeable
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9
Q

How is water potential maintained by the loop of henle: distal convoluted tubule (4)

A
  1. Water moves out DCT by osmosis and reabsorbed by blood
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10
Q

How is water potential maintained by the loop of henle: collecting duct (5)

A
  1. The medulla now has a high Na conc and low water potential
  2. Water moves out of collecting duct into medulla by osmosis
  3. Water reabsorbed by capillary network into blood
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11
Q

What controls the volume of water reabsorbed

A

The permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct controlled by hormones

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12
Q

What cell monitors water potential of blood

A

Osmoreceptors

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13
Q

Where are osmoreceptors

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

What is the hormonal response when water potential of blood decreases (dehydrated)

A
  1. Water moves out of osmoreceptors by osmosis
  2. Cells decrease in volume
  3. Sends signal to other cells in hypothalamus
  4. Sends signal to posterior pituitary gland
  5. Releases more anti diuretic hormone into blood
  6. DCT and CD more permeable to water
  7. More water reabsorbed into blood stream
  8. Small amount of highly concentrated urine produced
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15
Q

What is the effect of antidiuretic hormone

A

Walls of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct get more permeable to water
More water is reabsorbed into medulla and then into the blood stream by osmosis
Less water lost from body

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16
Q

What is the hormonal response when water potential of blood increases (hydrated)

A
  1. osmoreceptors detect high water potential
  2. Sends signal to other cells in hypothalamus
  3. Sends signal to posterior pituitary gland
  4. Releases less anti diuretic hormone into blood
  5. DCT and CD less permeable to water
  6. Less water reabsorbed into blood stream
  7. Large amount of dilute urine produced
17
Q

What is the function of kidneys

A

Excrete waste products (urea)

Regulate blood water potential

18
Q

What is ultrafiltration

A

Substances are filtered out from capillaries into tubules

19
Q

What is selective réabsorption

A

Useful substances (glucose and water) and reabsorbed back into the blood

20
Q

What is a nephron

A

Long tubules and network of capillaries in the kidney

21
Q

Explain the ultrafiltration pathway

A
  1. Blood enters artérioles in the cortex from the renal artery
  2. The artériole splits into the glomerulus (inside of a bow mans capsule)
  3. Blood enters the glomerulus by the afférent arteriole
  4. Blood leaves by the efferent arteriole = small diameter = higher p
  5. High p forces small molecules out of the glomerulus into the bowmans capsule
  6. The small molecules pass through 3 layers: capillary wall, basement membrane and epithelium of the bowmans
  7. Liquid in bowmans = glomerular filtrate
  8. Large proteins can’t leave so stay inside the glomerulus
  9. Glomerular filtrate goes through nephron until the collecting duct and passes out of kidney by the ureter
22
Q

What puts the glomerulus at high pressure

A

The small diameter of the efferent arteriole

23
Q

What is the structure surrounding the glomerulus

A

The bowmans capsule

24
Q

Where does ultrafiltration happen

A

Glomerulus

25
Q

What are the 3 layers filtrate passes through from the glomerulus to the bowmans capsule

A

Capillary wall
Basement membrane
Bowmans capsule epithelium

26
Q

What is the name of the liquid that enters the bowmans capsule from the
glomerulus

A

Glomerular filtrate

27
Q

What doesn’t pass into the bowmans capsule

A

Large proteins and blood cells

28
Q

Where does selective réabsorption happen

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule

29
Q

What is an adaption of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

The epithelium has microvilli to increase surface area

30
Q

What substances are in urine

A

Water
Urea
Hormones
Excess vitamins

31
Q

What substances are not in urine

A

Proteins
Blood cells
Glucose

32
Q

How does glucose get reabsorbed

A

Active transport and facilitated diffusion on the proximal convoluted tubule

33
Q

How is water réabsorbed (simple)

A

Osmosis
Because the water potential of the blood is lower than the filtrate
On the PCT loop of henle and DCT

Biology 2 (14 decks)

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