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Biology 2 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

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1
Q

What attaches skeletal muscles to the bone

A

Tendons

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2
Q

What do ligaments attach

A

Bone to bone

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3
Q

Why can bones act as levers

A

They are rigid

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4
Q

What are antagonistic pairs

A

Muscles that work together to move a bone
Agonist = contracts
Antagonist = relax

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5
Q

What are muscles made of

A

Muscle fibres

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6
Q

What is the cell membrane of muscle fibres called

A

Sarcolemma

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm of muscle fibres called

A

Sarcoplasm

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8
Q

What are the folds in the sarcolemma called

A

Transvers (T) tubules

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9
Q

What is the function of the t tubules

A

Spread electrical impulses throughout sarcoplasm to reach all parts of the muscle fibre

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10
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasm in reticulum

A

Stores and releases Ça ions

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11
Q

What is an adaption of muscle fibres

A

Lots of mitochondria for ATP

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12
Q

What does multinucleate mean

A

Lots of nuclei

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13
Q

What is the name of the thick myofilament

A

Myosin

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14
Q

What is the name of the thin myofilament

A

Actin

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15
Q

What is the dark band on a myofibril

A

Myosin and actin

A band

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16
Q

What is the light band on a myofibril

A

Actin only

I band

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17
Q

What is at the end of each sarcomere

A

Z line

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18
Q

What is the middle of a sarcomere

A

M line

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19
Q

What area only contains myosin

A

H zone

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20
Q

Explain the sliding filament theory

A

Myosin and actin filaments slide over each other making the sarcomere contract. Not contracting themselves.
The simultaneous contraction of lots of sarcomeres mean the muscle fibres contact

21
Q

What happens to the individual sarcomeres as the muscle fibres contacts

A

A band stays the same length
I band shorter
H zone shorter
Sarcomere overall gets shorter

22
Q

What is the structure of myosin

A

Has a globular head that’s hinged to move
It has 1 binding site for actin
And 1 binding site for ATP

23
Q

What is the structure of actin

A

Has a binding site to myosin = actin myosin binding site

24
Q

What the status of the actin myosin binding site at rest

A

It’s blocked by tropomypsin

25
Q

Why does the actin myosin binding site being blocked mean the myofilaments can’t slide

A

The myosin heads can’t bind to the actin myosin binding site

26
Q

Explain how muscle contract

A
  1. Ap from motor neurone stimulates muscle cells
  2. Sarcolemma depolarised
  3. Depolarisation spreads by t tubules to sarcoplasmic reticulum
  4. Ça released into sarcoplasm by sarcoplasmic reticulum
  5. Ça binds to protein attached to tropomyosin
  6. Protein changes shape.
  7. Tropomyosin pulled out of actin myosin binding site on actin
  8. Binding site is exposed
  9. Myosin head binds to actin forming an actin myosin cross bridge
  10. Ça activate ATP hydrolase = breaks down ATP
  11. Energy from ATP used to bend myosin head
  12. Pulling actin
  13. Energy from ATP breaks actin myosin cross bridge
  14. Myosin head reattaches to another binding site further along actin filament
  15. Sarcomere shortens
27
Q

What happens to the muscle when it stops being stimulated

A

Ça ions leave binding site
Move back into sarcoplasm Reticulum by at
Tropomyosin moves back to block actin myosin binding sites
Actin filaments slide back to the relaxed positions
Sarcomere lengthens

28
Q

How would u tell from the sarcomere it is not contracted

A

No actin myosin cross bridges

29
Q

How is atp generated by aerobic respiration

A

Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

30
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen

A

Mitochondria

31
Q

When is aerobic respiration a good atp source

A

Long duration

Low intensity

32
Q

How is atp made during anaerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis makes pyruvate

Pyruvate -> lactate (by lactate fermentation)

33
Q

Why can anaerobic respiration only be used in short periods

A

Lactate builds causing muscle fatigue

34
Q

How is atp made by the atp-phosphocreatine system

A

Phosphorylate ADP by adding a pi group from PCr (créatine)

35
Q

Where is PCr stored

A

Inside cells

36
Q

How fast does the ATP-PCr system make atp

A

Very quickly

37
Q

What type of excercise is the PCr-AtP system used for

A

Short duration

High intensity

38
Q

Is atp-pcr system anaerobic or aerobic

A

Anaerobic

39
Q

Is the atp-pcr system lactic or alactic

A

Alactic

40
Q

What is créatine broken down into

A

Creatinine

41
Q

Where is créatine broken down

A

Kidney

42
Q

Who might have high creatinine levels

A

People who exercise a lot
People with high muscle mass
People with kidney damage

43
Q

When are slow twitch muscle fibres used

A

Used for posture
Used in endurance
Long duration

44
Q

What type of respiration do slow twitch muscle fibres use

A

Aerobic

45
Q

What type of respiration do fast twitch muscle fibres use

A

Anaerobic

46
Q

What are 2 specialisation of slow twitch muscle fibres

A

Lots of mitochondria = supply muscles with energy from atp

Lots of blood vessels = supply muscles with oxygen

47
Q

When are fast twitch muscle fibres used

A

Fast movements
Short duration
High intensity

48
Q

Why are slow twitch fibres red

A

Have lots of myoglobin (stores oxygen)

49
Q

Why are fast twitch white

A

Don’t have much myoglobin

Don’t store much oxygen

Biology 2 (14 decks)

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