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Neuroscience > Support Systems > Flashcards

Support Systems Flashcards

1
Q

between the arachnoid and dura mater

A

Subdural space

- virtual space, not an actual space in healthy brains - can fill up with things like hematomas that make a space

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2
Q

between arachnoid and Pia mater; Space filled with CSF and blood vessels

A

subarachnoid space

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3
Q

between dura mater and skull

A

epidural space

- virtual space, not an actual space in healthy brains

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4
Q

what are the two layers of the dura mater?

A
  1. Periosteal layer- attaches to skill

2. meningeal layer - attaches to arachnoid

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5
Q

The two layers of dura matter are attached except at ________.

A

Dural venous sinuses

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6
Q

Projection of meningeal layer of dura matter that separates L and R cerebral hemisphere

A

Falx cerebri

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7
Q

Projection of meningeal layer of dura matter that separates cerebellum and posterior cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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8
Q

What is the order of mater from superficial to deep

A
  1. Dura
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia
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9
Q

bars of tissue deep to arachnoid membrane

A

Trabeculae

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10
Q

Thin layer

Firmly attached to brain and spinal cord

A

Pia mater

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11
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles?

A

Telencephalon

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12
Q

Where is the 3rd ventricle?

A

Diencephalon

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13
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle?

A

Pons/medulla/ cerebellum

- opens to subarachnoid space

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14
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Midbrain

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15
Q

What is CSF made by? how does it travel?

A

Choroid plexus
Made in lateral vent –> 3rd –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th –> subarachnoid space (surrounds outside brain and spinal cord)

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16
Q

Where does CSF go after the subarachnoid space?

A

Arachnoid villi into dural venous sinuses and enters general circulation

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17
Q

How many seconds of O2 deprivation does it take to lose conscious ness? how long until electrical activity stops? low long until irreversible injury occurs?

A

10s
20s
few minutes

18
Q

Arteries supply Superior spinal cord brainstem, cerebellum, posterior occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum; most of telencephalon and diencephalon

A

vertebral arteries

- travels along medulla, branches in medulla to supply the spinal cord (Post/ ant spinal arteries)

19
Q

What are the branches of the vertebral arteries?

A
  1. Posterior spinal arteries – posterolateral cord; Posterior 1/3rd of cord
  2. Anterior spinal artery – just one; anterior median cord; Anterior 2/3rd of cord
  3. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA); Inferior cerebellum
20
Q

Supplement vascular supply (not enough blood supply by A and P spinal arteries); Most are small, only a few are significant; Blockage can damage the spinal cord at that level, but also axons passing through that region

A

Radicular arteries

- enter the SC with the nerve roots

21
Q

The 2 vertebral arteries join at the pons is called the ____. what are the branches of this artery? What do they supply?

A

Basilar
1. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
2. Superior cerebellar artery
Supply: pons and most of cerebellum

22
Q

At the rostral pons the basilar artery forks to form the ______ arteries. What do they supply?

A 
2 posterior cerebral;
supply:
1. Midbrain
2. Occipital lobe
3. Medial and inferior temporal lobes
23
Q

Around the optic chasm, the Internal carotid artery (ICA) splits into?

A

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) - travels in longitudinal fissure
Middle cerebral artery (MCA) - passes through lateral sulcus

24
Q

What is supplied by the ACA? by the MCA?

A 
ACA = Primary motor and somatosensory cortex for LE
MCA = Supplies most of lateral cerebral hemispheres
25
Q

What does the circle of Willis connect (3 communicating arteries)?

A

Anterior communicating artery - L and R anterior cerebral artery
Posterior communicating arteries - PCA and ICA on each side

26
Q

Regions where small anastomoses link the ends of the cerebral arteries; regions are relatively spared with strokes; when blood supply in two adjacent arteries is affected, these regions are most affected

A

Watershed regions

27
Q

Where are common sites for aneurysms?

A

circle of willis (branches points are weak)

28
Q

Why isn’t there a lot of blood flow in the circle of willis? What’s the point of the circle of willis if it doesn’t allow a lot of blood flow?

A
  • blood vessels are small; similar pressure on each end of the artery
  • arteries can expand to adapt to slowly developing occlusions in one of the MCA (long term adaptation)
29
Q

What events can affect blood flow in two (or more) adjacent arteries, affecting watershed regions?

A
  1. Severe drop in systolic blood pressure

2. Blockage or restriction in internal carotid artery (Supplies both ACA and MCA)

30
Q

Where are impairments when there is damage to watershed regions?

A
  1. For ACA and MCA - Often includes the trunk and proximal limbs (Man in a barrel syndrome); Transcortical aphasia syndromes
  2. Between MCA and PCA -Difficulties in higher order visual processing
31
Q

Supplies choroid plexus in lateral ventricles; Parts of optic tract, putamen, thalamus, internal capsule and hippocampus

A

Anterior choroidal artery

32
Q

Supplies choroid plexus in third ventricle; Parts of hippocampus and thalamus

A

Posterior choroidal artery

33
Q

What are the deep cerebral blood supply structures?

A
  1. Branches of cerebral arteries
  2. Anterior choroidal artery
  3. Posterior choroidal artery
34
Q

What are the unique features of veins of the brain?

A
  1. Not paired with arteries
  2. Valvless - can carry infections into brain
  3. frequent anastomoses
  4. Superficial and deep veins
35
Q

Superficial veins are on the surface of cerebral hemispheres. Bridging veins that connect to dural sinuses can be damaged with shearing forces. What is the result?

A

blood moving into subdural space (subdural hematoma)

36
Q

Where do most superficial veins drain into?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

- Some connect to other sinuses located between the two layers of the dura

37
Q

Where are the deep veins?

A

Drain deeper regions of telencephalon and diencephalon

38
Q

What causes blood vessels to dilate?

A
  • Low BP, Oxygen or pH

- High CO2 or lactate

39
Q

What causes blood vessels to constrict?

A
  • High pH, Oxygen or BP

- Low CO2 or lactate

40
Q

Autoregulation important to ensure adequate blood flow and prevent ____.

A

edema

41
Q

The amount of blood flow to the brain depends on how much activity is going on in that area. The brain requires glucose and oxygen but can’t store either. Is the CC or brainstem more sensitive to hypoxia?

A

CC

- results in persistent vegetative state

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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